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arXiv:1909.09082 · Physical Review Letters

Supersolid Stripe Crystal from Finite-Range Interactions on a Lattice

Guido Masella, Adriano Angelone, Fabio Mezzacapo, Guido Pupillo, Nikolay V. Prokof'ev

Published Jul 26, 2019• 32 citations
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Abstract

Strong, long-range interactions present a unique challenge for the theoretical investigation of quantum many-body lattice models, due to the generation of large numbers of competing states at low energy. Here, we investigate a class of extended bosonic Hubbard models with off-site terms interpolating between short and infinite range, thus allowing for an exact numerical solution for all interaction strengths. We predict a novel type of stripe crystal at strong coupling. Most interestingly, for intermediate interaction strengths we demonstrate that the stripes can turn superfluid, thus leading to a self-assembled array of quasi-one-dimensional superfluids. These bosonic superstripes turn into an isotropic supersolid with decreasing the interaction strength. The mechanism for stripe formation is based on cluster self-assembling in the corresponding classical ground state, reminiscent of classical soft-matter models of polymers, different from recently proposed mechanisms for cold gases of alkali or dipolar magnetic atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.123.045301

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Strong, long-range interactions present a unique challenge for the theoretical investigation of quantum many-body lattice models, due to the generation of large numbers of competing states at low energy. Here, we investigate a class of extended bosonic Hubbard models with off-site terms interpolating between short and infinite range, thus allowing for an exact numerical solution for all interaction strengths. We predict a novel type of stripe crystal at strong coupling. Most interestingly, for intermediate interaction strengths we demonstrate that the stripes can turn superfluid, thus leading to a self-assembled array of quasi-one-dimensional superfluids. These bosonic superstripes turn into an isotropic supersolid with decreasing the interaction strength. The mechanism for stripe formation is based on cluster self-assembling in the corresponding classical ground state, reminiscent of classical soft-matter models of polymers, different from recently proposed mechanisms for cold gases of alkali or dipolar magnetic atoms.
We investigate the out-of-equilibrium physics of monodisperse bosonic ensembles on a square lattice. The effective Hamiltonian description of these systems is given in terms of an extended Hubbard model with cluster-forming interactions relevant to experimental realizations with cold Rydberg-dressed atoms. The ground state of the model, recently investigated in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 045301 (2019)], features, aside from a superfluid and a stripe crystalline phase occurring at small and large interaction strength VVV, respectively, a rare first-order transition between an isotropic and an anisotropic stripe supersolid at intermediate VVV. By means of quantum Monte Carlo calculations we show that the equilibrium crystal may be turned into a glass by simulated temperature quenches and that out-of-equilibrium isotropic (super)solid states may emerge also when their equilibrium counterparts are anisotropic. These out-of-equilibrium states are of experimental interest, their excess energy with respect to the ground state being within the energy window typically accessed in cold atom experiments. We find, after quenching, no evidence of coexistence between superfluid and glassy behavior. Such an absence of superglassiness is qualitatively explained.
In condensed-matter physics, long-range correlations introduce quantum states of matter that challenge intuition. For example, supersolids combine density order that manifests as symmetry-breaking spatial arrangement, and frictionless superfluid flow. However, supersolids have proven to only exist under very stringent conditions, with evidence limited to a few spontaneously fragmented superfluids observed in the weakly-interacting regime. Here, we demonstrate a framework to realize crystalline supersolids in the strong interaction regime, by confining dipolar bosons in a lattice with long-range hopping. We show that dipolar excitons realize this lattice model. At fractional lattice fillings of one quarter, one third and one half we observe mesoscopic quantum crystals across around 100 sites that spontaneously break the lattice translational symmetry. At the same time, coherent long-range hopping induces off-diagonal long-range order such that the exciton solids are superfluids. Our numerical methods quantitatively confirm that supersolidity builds up in the ground-state of the lattice Hamiltonian.
We investigate the quantum phases of monodispersed bosonic gases confined to a triangular lattice and interacting via a class of soft-shoulder potentials. The latter correspond to soft-core potentials with an additional hard-core onsite interaction. Using exact quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the low temperature phases for weak and strong interactions following a temperature quench are a homogeneous superfluid and a glass, respectively. The latter is an insulating phase characterized by inhomogeneity in the density distribution and structural disorder. Remarkably, we find that for intermediate interaction strengths a superglass occurs in an extended region of the phase diagram, where glassy behavior coexists with a sizable finite superfluid fraction. This glass phase is obtained in the absence of geometrical frustration or external disorder and is a result of the competition of quantum fluctuations and cluster formation in the corresponding classical ground state. For high enough temperature, the glass and superglass turn into a floating stripe solid and a supersolid, respectively. Given the simplicity and generality of the model, these phases should be directly relevant for state-of-the-art experiments with Rydberg-dressed atoms in optical lattices.
Point defects in self-assembled crystals, such as vacancies and interstitials, attract each other and form stable clusters. This leads to a phase separation between perfect crystalline structures and defect conglomerates at low temperatures. We propose a method that allows one to tune the effective interactions between point defects from attractive to repulsive by means of external periodic fields. In the quantum regime, this allows one to engineer strongly correlated many-body phases. We exemplify the microscopic mechanism by considering dipolar quantum gases of ground-state polar molecules and weakly bound molecules of strongly magnetic atoms trapped in a weak optical lattice in a two-dimensional configuration. By tuning the lattice depth, defect interactions turn repulsive, which allows us to deterministically design a novel supersolid phase in the continuum limit.
We study the ground-state phase diagram of the hard-core extended boson Hubbard model on the square lattice with both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor hoppings and repulsions, using Gutzwiller mean-field theory and quantum Monte Carlo simulations. We observe the formation of supersolid states with checkerboard, striped, and quarter-filled crystal structures when the system is doped away from commensurate fillings. In the striped supersolid phase, a strong anisotropy in the superfluid density is obtained from the simulations; however, the transverse component remains finite, indicating a true two-dimensional superflow. We find that upon doping, the striped supersolid transitions directly into the supersolid with quarter-filled crystal structure, via a first-order stripe melting transition.
A supersolid combines density order with phase coherence, and doped lattice solids ask whether added defects can become coherent without melting the ordered background. We study a soft-core Bose-Hubbard model with isotropic hopping and an engineered non-axisymmetric dipolar interaction, Vij=V2(xij2−yij2)/rij5+W6/rij6V_{ij}=V_2(x_{ij}^2-y_{ij}^2)/r_{ij}^5+W_6/r_{ij}^6Vij​=V2​(xij2​−yij2​)/rij5​+W6​/rij6​, where the sign-changing dx2−y2d_{x^2-y^2}dx2−y2​ component selects a fixed (q,0)(q,0)(q,0) stripe channel and the W6/r6W_6/r^6W6​/r6 core stabilizes the short-distance attractive branch. Using sign-problem-free quantum Monte Carlo method with worm algorithm, we find that the half-filled stripe parent responds asymmetrically to doping: the hole side forms locked commensurate stripe solids with vanishing superfluid stiffness, whereas the particle side forms a stripe supersolid with finite compressibility κ>0κ>0κ>0, finite superfluid stiffness ρs>0ρ_s>0ρs​>0, and enhanced double occupancy DDD. Keeping the same off-site kernel while increasing U/tU/tU/t toward the hard-core limit shows that the particle-side supersolid disappears once doublon-like defects are projected out. Thus the engineered dipolar kernel selects the fixed (q,0)(q,0)(q,0) stripe channel, while onsite softness selects the phase-coherent defect sector.