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arXiv:1909.08226 · Entropy

Eigenvalues of Two-State Quantum Walks Induced by the Hadamard Walk

Shimpei Endo, Takako Endo, Takashi Komatsu, Norio Konno

Published Jan 20, 2020• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Existence of the eigenvalues of the discrete-time quantum walks is deeply related to localization of the walks. We revealed, for the first time, the distributions of the eigenvalues given by the splitted generating function method (the SGF method) of the space-inhomogeneous quantum walks in one dimension we had treated in our previous studies. Especially, we clarified the characteristic parameter dependence for the distributions of the eigenvalues with the aid of numerical simulation.

DOI
10.3390/e22010127

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Existence of the eigenvalues of the discrete-time quantum walks is deeply related to localization of the walks. We revealed, for the first time, the distributions of the eigenvalues given by the splitted generating function method (the SGF method) of the space-inhomogeneous quantum walks in one dimension we had treated in our previous studies. Especially, we clarified the characteristic parameter dependence for the distributions of the eigenvalues with the aid of numerical simulation.
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We consider a one-dimensional space-inhomogeneous discrete time quantum walk. This model is the Hadamard walk with one defect at the origin which is different from the model introduced by Wojcik et al. [14]. We obtain a stationary measure of the model by solving the eigenvalue problem and an asymptotic behaviour of the return probability by the path counting approach. Moreover, we get the time-averaged limit measure using the space-time generating function method. The measure is symmetric for the origin and independent of the initial coin state at the starting point. So localization depends only on the parameter which determines the model.
Mathematical analysis on the existence of eigenvalues is essential because it is equivalent to the occurrence of localization, which is an exceptionally crucial property of quantum walks. We construct the method for eigenvalue problem via the transfer matrix for space-inhomogeneous nnn-state quantum walks in one dimension with n−2n-2n−2 self-loops, which is an extension of the technique in a previous study (Quantum Inf. Process 20(5), 2021). By this method, we reveal the necessary and sufficient condition for the eigenvalue problem of a two-phase three-state quantum walk with one defect whose time evolution varies in the negative part, positive part, and at the origin.
Mathematical analysis of the spectral properties of the time-evolution operator in quantum walks is essential for understanding key dynamical behaviors such as localization and long-term evolution. The inhomogeneous three-state case, in particular, poses substantial analytical challenges due to its higher internal degrees of freedom and the absence of translational invariance. We develop a general framework for the spectral analysis of three-state quantum walks on the one-dimensional lattice with arbitrary time-evolution operators. Our approach is based on a transfer-matrix formulation that reduces the infinite-dimensional eigenvalue problem to a tractable system of two-dimensional recursions, enabling exact characterization of eigenstates. This framework applies broadly to space-inhomogeneous models, including those with finite defects and two-phase structures. We rigorously derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of point spectrum, along with a complete description of the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenstates, which are known to underlie quantum localization phenomena. Furthermore, we give a complete spectral decomposition—discrete spectrum, flat-band eigenvalues (of infinite multiplicity), and absolutely continuous spectrum—with explicit characterization of each component. Using this method, we perform exact numerical analyses of the Fourier walk with spatial inhomogeneity, revealing the emergence of localization despite its delocalized nature in the homogeneous case. Our results provide mathematical tools and physical insights into the structure of quantum walks, offering a systematic path for identifying and characterizing localized quantum states in complex quantum systems.
Existence of the eigenvalues of the discrete-time quantum walks is deeply related to localization. Also, for the study of open quantum systems, non-Hermitian systems have attracted much attention. As mathematical models for such systems, non-unitary quantum walks with the chiral symmetry are essential for the study of the topological insulator. In this paper, we give the whole picture of the eigenvalues of a non-unitary one-dimensional two-state quantum walks with one defect and the chiral symmetry.