Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1909.01293

Use of an electric-dipole forbidden transition to optically probe the Autler Townes effect

F. Ramírez-Martínez, F. Ponciano-Ojeda, Santiago Hernández-Gómez, Alberto Del Angel, Cristian Mojica-Casique, L M Hoyos-Campo, J. Flores-Mijangos, Daniel Sahagún, Rocío Jáuregui, J. Jiménez-Mier

Published Sep 3, 2019• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the Autler Townes (AT) effect derived from a strong electric dipole transition stimulated by a resonant laser beam and probing it by means of a weak electric quadrupole transition with a controlled frequency detuning in a ladder configuration. The experiment was carried out for a $^{87}$Rb atomic gas at room temperature in a velocity-selective scheme. The AT effect was monitored via the splitting of the fluorescence spectra associated with the spontaneous decay to the ground state. The theoretical description incorporates the modification of standard few-level schemes introduced by forbidden electric-dipole transitions selection rules. We develop an analytic ladder three-level scheme to approximate the cyclic $5\mathrm{S}_{1/2} \mathrm{F}=2\rightarrow 5\mathrm{P}_{3/2} F=3 \rightarrow 6\mathrm{P}_{3/2} \mathrm{F}=1,2,3\rightarrow 5 \mathrm{S}_{1/2}\mathrm{F}=2$ path. Other levels that could have effects on the fluorescence are included via a fourth level with effective parameters. Doppler effects and finite bandwidths of the laser beams are included in the theoretical model to closely reproduce the experimental results.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1909.01293

Related papers

Electric-dipole forbidden transitions for probing atomic state preparation: the case of the Autler–Townes effect

F. Ramírez-Martínez, F. Ponciano-Ojeda, Santiago Hernández-Gómez +7 more

Abstract This work demonstrates an scheme in which a weak electric quadrupole ( E 2) transition with a controlled frequency detuning in a ladder configuration is used as an extremely non-perturbing probe for precisely identifying subtle details of the effects driven by AC fields coupling atomic states and the preparation of quantum states. For this purpose, we provide a precise experimental and theoretical study of the Autler Townes (AT) effect derived from a strong electric dipole transition stimulated by a resonant laser beam and probed by the E 2 interaction. The experiment was carried out for a 87 Rb atomic gas at room temperature in a velocity-selective scheme. The AT effect was monitored via the splitting of the fluorescence spectra associated with the spontaneous decay to the ground state. The theoretical description incorporates the modification of standard few-level schemes introduced by forbidden electric-dipole transitions selection rules. We develop an analytic ladder three-level scheme to approximate the cyclic 5S 1/2 F = 2 → 5P 3/2 F = 3 → 6P 3/2 F = 1, 2, 3 → 5S 1/2 F = 2 path. Other levels that could have effects on the fluorescence are included via a fourth level with effective parameters. Doppler effects and finite bandwidths of the laser beams are included in the theoretical model to closely reproduce the experimental results.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Mar 24, 2021•8 citations

Use of the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in Rb as a non-perturbing probe of atom dynamics in an operating magneto-optical trap

L M Hoyos-Campo, F. Ponciano-Ojeda, F. Ramírez-Martínez +4 more

Abstract Results of spectroscopy experiments using the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in cold rubidium atoms are presented. Production of this forbidden transition is detected by observing the emission of the 420 nm fluorescence photons that result from the decay of the 6 P 3 / 2 state into the ground state. The experiments are performed under the steady state operation conditions of a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and thus provide non-perturbing information on the atom-light system. The hyperfine structure of the 6 P 3 / 2 level is completely resolved, and the fluorescence peaks show the expected Autler–Townes (AT) splitting of the emission lines. This hyperfine structure is used to calibrate the frequency scale of all spectra recorded. A combination of this absolute frequency scale and an expression for the AT profile allows an absolute determination of the effective Rabi frequency and detuning of the MOT. The behavior of these AT doublets is studied as a function of frequency detuning and also as a function of the trapping light intensity. The experiments also take full advantage of the strong polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine fluorescence components. This study results in a sensitive probe of the relative populations of the magnetic sublevel projections relative to the trapping magnetic field gradient. An almost isotropic population distribution was found, but small deviations from isotropy could be determined with this electric dipole forbidden probe.

New Journal of Physics•Oct 1, 2024•0 citations

The 5P3/2→6PJ(J=1/2,3/2) Electric Dipole Forbidden Transitions in Rubidium

F. Ponciano-Ojeda, Cristian Mojica-Casique, Santiago Hernández-Gómez +7 more

This paper presents a general review of the results of the experimental and theoretical work carried out by our research group to study the 5P3/2→6PJ electric quadrupole transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were carried out with room-temperature atoms in an absorption cell. A steady-state population of atoms in the 5P3/2 excited state is produced by a a narrow-bandwidth preparation laser locked to the D2 transition. A second CW laser is used to produce the forbidden transition with resolution of the 6PJ hyperfine states of both rubidium isotopes. The process is detected by recording the 420(422) nm fluorescence that occurs when the atoms in the 6PJ state decay directly into the 5S ground state. The fluorescence spectra show a strong dependence on the relative polarization directions of the preparation laser and the beam producing the forbidden transition. This dependence is directly related to a strong anisotropy in the populations of the 5P3/2 intermediate magnetic substates, and also to the electric quadrupole selection rules over magnetic quantum numbers. A calculation based on the rate equations that includes velocity and detuning dependent transition rates is adequate to reproduce these results. The forbidden transition is also shown to be an ideal probe to measure the Autler–Townes splitting generated in the preparation of the 5P3/2 state. Examples of spectra obtained with cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) are also presented. These spectra show the expected Autler–Townes doublet structure with asymmetric line profiles that result as a consequence of the red-detuning of the trapping laser in the MOT.

Photonics•Dec 1, 2023•0 citations

Autler-Townes spectroscopy of the 5S1/2−5P3/2−44D cascade of cold 85Rb atoms

Boon-Keng Kevin Teo, D. Feldbaum, T. Cubel +3 more

We study nonlinear optical effects in the laser excitation of Rydberg states. ${5S}_{1/2}$ and ${5P}_{3/2}$ levels of ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ are coupled by a strong laser field and probed by a weak laser tuned to the ${5P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}44D$ Rydberg resonance. We observe high contrast Autler-Townes spectra which are dependent on the pump polarization, intensity, and detuning. The observed behavior agrees with calculations, which include the effect of optical pumping.

arXiv:quant-ph/0305055•Physical Review A•Nov 17, 2003•61 citations

Electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes effect in a generalized L-system: A five-level model

A. Żaba, Van Cao Long, Małgorzata Głódź +5 more

We calculate electric susceptibility of a laser-dressed atomic medium.The model adopted in this work refers to the experiment with cold 85 Rb atoms, where the states F′ = 1, 2, 3 of the hyperfine manifold 5P 3/2 (F′) are strongly coupled with the ground state 5S 1/2 (F = 2), and the coupling is probed by a weak probing field from the other ground-state component 5S 1/2 (F = 3).We present a five-level model in which the states F = 2, 3 and F′ = 1, 2, 3 are taken into account, while the noncoupled state F′ = 4 is neglected.The model is used as a starting point to reproduce spectral features observed in the absorption of probe light passing through a cold sample of 85 Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap.Basing on numerical solutions of this model, we have also studied in detail the impact on the probe spectra from the presence of the state F′ = 1 to which probing is forbidden by electric-dipole transition, but coupling is allowed [see, e.g., Proc. of SPIE 8770 (2013) 87700Q].

Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics•Jan 1, 2013•2 citations

Autler-Townes splitting of ultracold cesium Rydberg atoms

Xue Yong-Mei, Hao Li-Ping, Jiao Yue-Chun +4 more

Autler-Townes (A-T) splitting, known as an AC Stark effect, shows a change of an absorption/emission spectral line of a probe beam when an oscillating field is tuned in resonance with the atomic or molecular transition. The A-T splitting is observed in different three-level atoms and widely investigated in a vapor cell and in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The A-T splitting plays an important role in the atom-based microwave electric-field measurements where a cascade three-level system involving Rydberg state is adopted. In this work, an A-T splitting is observed in an ultracold cesium Rydberg gas, which is cooled down to about 100 pK and center density is about 1010 cm-3 in a conventional MOT by using the laser cooling technology. We present the A-T spectrum in a ladder three-level atomic system involving a 34D5/2 Rydberg state. The cesium ground state (6S1/2), excited state (6P3/2) and Rydberg state (34D5/2) constitute a Rydberg three-level system. A coupling laser, locked to the Rydberg transition by using a Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency signal that is obtained from a cesium room-temperature vapor cell, couples 6P3/2 (F'=5) 34D5/2 Rydberg transition. A weak probe laser, stabilized to a ground-state transition by using a polarization spectroscopy, is swept, covering the transition 6S1/2 (F=4) 6P3/2 (F'=5) with a double-passed acousto-optic modulator. The probe and coupling lasers are counter-propagated through the MOT center. The power of probe light is 200 pW, corresponding Rabi frequency p=21.05 MHz. During the experiment, 50 s after turning off the trapping laser, both the coupling and probe beams are switched on and last 100 s. The A-T spectrum as a function of the probe detuning is detected with a single-photon counter module detector. We use Gaussian multiple peak fitting to obtain the positions of the A-T peaks and the A-T splitting. The measured A-T splitting is proportional to the Rabi frequency of the coupling light. We numerically solve the density matrix equations to obtain the A-T spectrum, and the calculations reproduce A-T spectra well. The measured A-T splitting shows good agreement with the theoretical calculation for Rabi frequency of the coupling light c29 MHz. The A-T splitting is less than the calculation for the case of c29 MHz, the deviation is mainly attributed to the increased dephasing rate induced by the strong interaction between Rydberg atoms, whose number increases with the coupling laser Rabi frequency. In this work, the adopted method for the cascade three-level system involving Rydberg state is also suitable for -and V-type cases.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2017•3 citations
We study the Autler Townes (AT) effect derived from a strong electric dipole transition stimulated by a resonant laser beam and probing it by means of a weak electric quadrupole transition with a controlled frequency detuning in a ladder configuration. The experiment was carried out for a 87^{87}87Rb atomic gas at room temperature in a velocity-selective scheme. The AT effect was monitored via the splitting of the fluorescence spectra associated with the spontaneous decay to the ground state. The theoretical description incorporates the modification of standard few-level schemes introduced by forbidden electric-dipole transitions selection rules. We develop an analytic ladder three-level scheme to approximate the cyclic 5S1/2F=2→5P3/2F=3→6P3/2F=1,2,3→5S1/2F=25\mathrm{S}_{1/2} \mathrm{F}=2\rightarrow 5\mathrm{P}_{3/2} F=3 \rightarrow 6\mathrm{P}_{3/2} \mathrm{F}=1,2,3\rightarrow 5 \mathrm{S}_{1/2}\mathrm{F}=25S1/2​F=2→5P3/2​F=3→6P3/2​F=1,2,3→5S1/2​F=2 path. Other levels that could have effects on the fluorescence are included via a fourth level with effective parameters. Doppler effects and finite bandwidths of the laser beams are included in the theoretical model to closely reproduce the experimental results.
Abstract This work demonstrates an scheme in which a weak electric quadrupole ( E 2) transition with a controlled frequency detuning in a ladder configuration is used as an extremely non-perturbing probe for precisely identifying subtle details of the effects driven by AC fields coupling atomic states and the preparation of quantum states. For this purpose, we provide a precise experimental and theoretical study of the Autler Townes (AT) effect derived from a strong electric dipole transition stimulated by a resonant laser beam and probed by the E 2 interaction. The experiment was carried out for a 87 Rb atomic gas at room temperature in a velocity-selective scheme. The AT effect was monitored via the splitting of the fluorescence spectra associated with the spontaneous decay to the ground state. The theoretical description incorporates the modification of standard few-level schemes introduced by forbidden electric-dipole transitions selection rules. We develop an analytic ladder three-level scheme to approximate the cyclic 5S 1/2 F = 2 → 5P 3/2 F = 3 → 6P 3/2 F = 1, 2, 3 → 5S 1/2 F = 2 path. Other levels that could have effects on the fluorescence are included via a fourth level with effective parameters. Doppler effects and finite bandwidths of the laser beams are included in the theoretical model to closely reproduce the experimental results.
Abstract Results of spectroscopy experiments using the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in cold rubidium atoms are presented. Production of this forbidden transition is detected by observing the emission of the 420 nm fluorescence photons that result from the decay of the 6 P 3 / 2 state into the ground state. The experiments are performed under the steady state operation conditions of a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and thus provide non-perturbing information on the atom-light system. The hyperfine structure of the 6 P 3 / 2 level is completely resolved, and the fluorescence peaks show the expected Autler–Townes (AT) splitting of the emission lines. This hyperfine structure is used to calibrate the frequency scale of all spectra recorded. A combination of this absolute frequency scale and an expression for the AT profile allows an absolute determination of the effective Rabi frequency and detuning of the MOT. The behavior of these AT doublets is studied as a function of frequency detuning and also as a function of the trapping light intensity. The experiments also take full advantage of the strong polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine fluorescence components. This study results in a sensitive probe of the relative populations of the magnetic sublevel projections relative to the trapping magnetic field gradient. An almost isotropic population distribution was found, but small deviations from isotropy could be determined with this electric dipole forbidden probe.
This paper presents a general review of the results of the experimental and theoretical work carried out by our research group to study the 5P3/2→6PJ electric quadrupole transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were carried out with room-temperature atoms in an absorption cell. A steady-state population of atoms in the 5P3/2 excited state is produced by a a narrow-bandwidth preparation laser locked to the D2 transition. A second CW laser is used to produce the forbidden transition with resolution of the 6PJ hyperfine states of both rubidium isotopes. The process is detected by recording the 420(422) nm fluorescence that occurs when the atoms in the 6PJ state decay directly into the 5S ground state. The fluorescence spectra show a strong dependence on the relative polarization directions of the preparation laser and the beam producing the forbidden transition. This dependence is directly related to a strong anisotropy in the populations of the 5P3/2 intermediate magnetic substates, and also to the electric quadrupole selection rules over magnetic quantum numbers. A calculation based on the rate equations that includes velocity and detuning dependent transition rates is adequate to reproduce these results. The forbidden transition is also shown to be an ideal probe to measure the Autler–Townes splitting generated in the preparation of the 5P3/2 state. Examples of spectra obtained with cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) are also presented. These spectra show the expected Autler–Townes doublet structure with asymmetric line profiles that result as a consequence of the red-detuning of the trapping laser in the MOT.
We study nonlinear optical effects in the laser excitation of Rydberg states. 5S1/2{5S}_{1/2}5S1/2​ and 5P3/2{5P}_{3/2}5P3/2​ levels of 85Rb{}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb are coupled by a strong laser field and probed by a weak laser tuned to the ${5P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}44D$ Rydberg resonance. We observe high contrast Autler-Townes spectra which are dependent on the pump polarization, intensity, and detuning. The observed behavior agrees with calculations, which include the effect of optical pumping.
We calculate electric susceptibility of a laser-dressed atomic medium.The model adopted in this work refers to the experiment with cold 85 Rb atoms, where the states F′ = 1, 2, 3 of the hyperfine manifold 5P 3/2 (F′) are strongly coupled with the ground state 5S 1/2 (F = 2), and the coupling is probed by a weak probing field from the other ground-state component 5S 1/2 (F = 3).We present a five-level model in which the states F = 2, 3 and F′ = 1, 2, 3 are taken into account, while the noncoupled state F′ = 4 is neglected.The model is used as a starting point to reproduce spectral features observed in the absorption of probe light passing through a cold sample of 85 Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap.Basing on numerical solutions of this model, we have also studied in detail the impact on the probe spectra from the presence of the state F′ = 1 to which probing is forbidden by electric-dipole transition, but coupling is allowed [see, e.g., Proc. of SPIE 8770 (2013) 87700Q].
Autler-Townes (A-T) splitting, known as an AC Stark effect, shows a change of an absorption/emission spectral line of a probe beam when an oscillating field is tuned in resonance with the atomic or molecular transition. The A-T splitting is observed in different three-level atoms and widely investigated in a vapor cell and in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The A-T splitting plays an important role in the atom-based microwave electric-field measurements where a cascade three-level system involving Rydberg state is adopted. In this work, an A-T splitting is observed in an ultracold cesium Rydberg gas, which is cooled down to about 100 pK and center density is about 1010 cm-3 in a conventional MOT by using the laser cooling technology. We present the A-T spectrum in a ladder three-level atomic system involving a 34D5/2 Rydberg state. The cesium ground state (6S1/2), excited state (6P3/2) and Rydberg state (34D5/2) constitute a Rydberg three-level system. A coupling laser, locked to the Rydberg transition by using a Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency signal that is obtained from a cesium room-temperature vapor cell, couples 6P3/2 (F'=5) 34D5/2 Rydberg transition. A weak probe laser, stabilized to a ground-state transition by using a polarization spectroscopy, is swept, covering the transition 6S1/2 (F=4) 6P3/2 (F'=5) with a double-passed acousto-optic modulator. The probe and coupling lasers are counter-propagated through the MOT center. The power of probe light is 200 pW, corresponding Rabi frequency p=21.05 MHz. During the experiment, 50 s after turning off the trapping laser, both the coupling and probe beams are switched on and last 100 s. The A-T spectrum as a function of the probe detuning is detected with a single-photon counter module detector. We use Gaussian multiple peak fitting to obtain the positions of the A-T peaks and the A-T splitting. The measured A-T splitting is proportional to the Rabi frequency of the coupling light. We numerically solve the density matrix equations to obtain the A-T spectrum, and the calculations reproduce A-T spectra well. The measured A-T splitting shows good agreement with the theoretical calculation for Rabi frequency of the coupling light c29 MHz. The A-T splitting is less than the calculation for the case of c29 MHz, the deviation is mainly attributed to the increased dephasing rate induced by the strong interaction between Rydberg atoms, whose number increases with the coupling laser Rabi frequency. In this work, the adopted method for the cascade three-level system involving Rydberg state is also suitable for -and V-type cases.