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arXiv:1908.09558 · Springer series in materials science

Quantum Bits with Josephson Junctions

Anton Frisk Kockum, Franco Nori

Published Jan 1, 2019• 83 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Already in the first edition of this book [ 1 ], a great number of interesting and important applications for Josephson junctions were discussed. In the decades that have passed since then, several new applications have emerged. This chapter treats one such new class of applications: quantum optics and quantum information processing (QIP) based on superconducting circuits with Josephson junctions. At the time of writing, the most recent and comprehensive reviews of this field, which has grown rapidly in the past two decades, are [ 2 , 3 ]. We also recommend the reviews in [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] for additional perspectives on the field. In this chapter, we aim to explain the basics of superconducting quantum circuits with Josephson junctions and demonstrate how these systems open up new prospects, both for QIP and for the study of quantum optics and atomic physics.

DOI
10.1007/978-3-030-20726-7_17

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Already in the first edition of this book [ 1 ], a great number of interesting and important applications for Josephson junctions were discussed. In the decades that have passed since then, several new applications have emerged. This chapter treats one such new class of applications: quantum optics and quantum information processing (QIP) based on superconducting circuits with Josephson junctions. At the time of writing, the most recent and comprehensive reviews of this field, which has grown rapidly in the past two decades, are [ 2 , 3 ]. We also recommend the reviews in [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] for additional perspectives on the field. In this chapter, we aim to explain the basics of superconducting quantum circuits with Josephson junctions and demonstrate how these systems open up new prospects, both for QIP and for the study of quantum optics and atomic physics.
Recent demonstrations of macroscopic quantum coherence in Josephson junction based electronic circuits have opened an entirely new dimension for research and applications in the established field of Josephson electronics. In this article we discuss basic Josephson circuits for qubit applications, methods of quantum description of these circuits, and circuit solutions for qubit couplings. Principles of manipulation and readout of superconducting qubits are reviewed and illustrated with recent experiments using various qubit types.
During the last ten years, superconducting circuits have passed from being interesting physical devices to becoming contenders for near-future useful and scalable quantum information processing (QIP). Advanced quantum simulation experiments have been shown with up to nine qubits, while a demonstration of quantum supremacy with fifty qubits is anticipated in just a few years. Quantum supremacy means that the quantum system can no longer be simulated by the most powerful classical supercomputers. Integrated classical-quantum computing systems are already emerging that can be used for software development and experimentation, even via web interfaces. Therefore, the time is ripe for describing some of the recent development of superconducting devices, systems and applications. As such, the discussion of superconducting qubits and circuits is limited to devices that are proven useful for current or near future applications. Consequently, the centre of interest is the practical applications of QIP, such as computation and simulation in Physics and Chemistry.
In the realm of physics, a pivotal moment occurred six decades ago when Brian Josephson made a groundbreaking prediction, setting in motion a series of events that would eventually earn him the prestigious Nobel Prize eleven years later. This prediction centered around what is now known as the Josephson effect, a phenomenon with far-reaching implications. At the heart of this effect lies the Josephson junction (JJ), a device that has become a linchpin in various scientific applications. This chapter delves into the foundational principles of the Josephson effect and the remarkable properties of JJs. From their role in metrology to their application in radiation detectors, these junctions have ushered in a new era of electronics. Exploiting the unique features of superconductive devices, such as high speed, low dissipation, and dispersion, JJs find today practical implementation in the development of superconductive qubits and nanotechnology applications.
Superconducting qubits are Josephson junction-based circuits that exhibit macroscopic quantum behavior and can be manipulated as artificial atoms. Benefiting from the well-developed technology of microfabrication and microwave engineering, superconducting qubits have great advantages in design flexibility, controllability, and scalability. Over the past decade, there has been rapid progress in the field, which greatly improved our understanding of qubit decoherence and circuit optimization. The single-qubit coherence time has been steadily raised to the order of 10 to 100 μs, allowing for the demonstration of high-fidelity gate operations and measurement-based feedback control. Here we review recent progress in the coherence and readout of superconducting qubits.
Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions can exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence.Quantum computation with superconducting circuits is one of the most important research directions in the field of quantum information.Moreover,the study of the physical properties of superconducting circuits is an interdisciplinary area of both condensed matter physics and quantum optics.A brief overview is presented of the main results and advancements achieved so far,as well as future prospects,in the area of superconducting quantum computation.
Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions are regarded as one of the most promising technologies for the implementation of scalable quantum computers. This review presents the basic principles of superconducting qubits and shows the progress of quantum computing and quantum simulation based on superconducting qubits in recent years. The experimental realization of gate operations, readout, error correction codes, as well as some quantum algorithms are summarized, followed by an introduction of quantum simulation. And then some important applications in fields including condensed matter physics, quantum annealing, and quantum chemistry are discussed.