Resonant mm-wave fields drive n0f(2)→(n0±1)g(2) transitions in a state-selected n0f(2) Rydberg gas of NO. This transformation produces a clear signature in the selected field ionisation spectrum and dramatically increases the intensity of corresponding features in the spectrum of the n0f(2) Rydberg series observed in UV–UV double resonant transitions via the A 2Σ+, N′=0 state. Here, n0 refers to the principal quantum number of an f Rydberg state converging to the N+=2 rotational state of NO+X 1Σ+. Enhancement owing to transitions from ℓ=3 (f) to ℓ=4 (g) appears both in the electron signal detected at early time by the field ionisation of Rydberg molecules and, 40μs later, as the late-peak signal of plasma in a state of arrested relaxation. Similar stabilisation and enhanced intensity also occurs for shorter-lived interloping complex resonances, 44p(0)−43d(1) and 43p(0)−42d(1). We conclude from these observations that avalanche alone does not guarantee a plasma state of arrested relaxation. But rather, the formation of an arrested phase requires both avalanche-produced NO+ ions and a persistent population of long-lived Rydberg molecules.
Resonant mm-wave fields drive n0f(2)→(n0±1)g(2) transitions in a state-selected n0f(2) Rydberg gas of NO. This transformation produces a clear signature in the selected field ionisation spectrum and dramatically increases the intensity of corresponding features in the spectrum of the n0f(2) Rydberg series observed in UV–UV double resonant transitions via the A 2Σ+, N′=0 state. Here, n0 refers to the principal quantum number of an f Rydberg state converging to the N+=2 rotational state of NO+X 1Σ+. Enhancement owing to transitions from ℓ=3 (f) to ℓ=4 (g) appears both in the electron signal detected at early time by the field ionisation of Rydberg molecules and, 40μs later, as the late-peak signal of plasma in a state of arrested relaxation. Similar stabilisation and enhanced intensity also occurs for shorter-lived interloping complex resonances, 44p(0)−43d(1) and 43p(0)−42d(1). We conclude from these observations that avalanche alone does not guarantee a plasma state of arrested relaxation. But rather, the formation of an arrested phase requires both avalanche-produced NO+ ions and a persistent population of long-lived Rydberg molecules.
Out-of-equilibrium, strong correlation in a many-body system can trigger emergent properties that act to constrain the natural dissipation of energy and matter. Signs of such self-organization appear in the avalanche, bifurcation, and quench of a state-selected Rydberg gas of nitric oxide to form an ultracold, strongly correlated ultracold plasma. Work reported here focuses on the initial stages of avalanche and quench and uses the mm-wave spectroscopy of an embedded quantum probe to characterize the intermolecular interaction dynamics associated with the evolution to plasma. Double-resonance excitation prepares a Rydberg gas of nitric oxide composed of a single selected state of principal quantum number, n0. Penning ionization, followed by an avalanche of electron–Rydberg collisions, forms a plasma of NO+ ions and weakly bound electrons, in which a residual population of n0 Rydberg molecules evolves to a state of high orbital angular momentum, ℓ. Predissociation depletes the plasma of low-ℓ molecules. Relaxation ceases and n0ℓ(2) molecules with ℓ ≥ 4 persist for very long times. At short times, varying excitation spectra of mm-wave Rydberg–Rydberg transitions mark the rate of electron-collisional ℓ-mixing. Deep depletion resonances that persist for long times signal energy redistribution in the basis of central-field Rydberg states. The widths and asymmetries of Fano line shapes witness the degree to which coupling in the arrested bath (i) broadens the allowed transition and (ii) mixes the local network of levels in the ensemble.
Abstract Double-resonant transitions excite nitric oxide in a seeded supersonic molecular beam, yielding a state-selected Rydberg gas that evolves to form an ultracold plasma. This plasma propagates in z with the molecular beam over a variable distance as great as 600 mm to strike an imaging detector, which records the charge distribution in the dimensions, x and y . The laser-crossed molecular beam excitation geometry convolutes an axial Gaussian distribution of NO about z with the Gaussian intensity distribution of the laser beam about x to create an ellipsoidal volume of Rydberg gas. Plasma images provide evidence for the relaxation of this Rydberg gas volume in an electron impact avalanche that breaks the ellipsoidal symmetry in x to form repelling plasma volumes. We find that the energy deposited in the recoil velocity of mass transport, V x depends systematically on the initially selected Rydberg gas principal quantum number, n 0 , and the initial density of the Rydberg gas, ρ 0 . These quantities combine to determine ρ e , the initial density of electrons formed by the prompt Penning ionization of closely spaced pairs of Rydberg molecules. Above a threshold density of Penning electrons, we find that V x depends linearly on ρ e . We argue that this bifurcation occurs as a consequence of the initial geometry of the Rydberg gas. Ambipolar electron expansion accelerates initially formed core ions. Resonant charge transfer redistributes this ion energy to the column of Rydberg molecules on the long axis of the ellipsoid. The equalized velocities in each direction give rise to a ± x streaming motion that concentrates density in opposing plasma volumes, causing the symmetric gas volume to split like a rotating liquid drop. Significantly, these dynamics reduce electron temperature with little decrease in the ion density or increase in the ion temperature. This appears to facilitate the formation of a strongly coupled plasma.
Prethermalization occurs as an important phase in the dynamics of isolated many-body systems when coupled degrees of freedom relax in a subspace separated from a state of complete thermodynamic equilibrium by a gap in energy or other conserved quantity. Slow equilibration from a prethermal phase can localize the dynamics of natural and model systems despite high dimensionality and limited disorder. Here, we report the signature of an enduring prethermal regime of arrested relaxation in the molecular ultracold plasma that forms following the avalanche of a state-selected Rydberg gas of nitric oxide. For a wide range of initial conditions, this system enters a critical phase in which a density of NO + and electrons balances a population of Rydberg molecules. Electron collisions mix orbital angular momentum, scattering Rydberg electrons to states of very high ℓ . The rapid predissociation of molecules in states of low- ℓ purifies this high- ℓ ensemble. The angular momentum barrier that separates NO + ions and electrons creates an extraordinary gap between the plasma states of n ≈ ℓ , with measured n > 200 and penetrating states of ℓ = 0 , 1 , and 2. Evolution to a statistically equilibrated state of N and O atoms cannot occur without Rydberg electron penetration, and this gap blocks relaxation for a millisecond or more. A weak radiofrequency (RF) field drives ℓ -mixing electron collisions that erase this gap, causing wholesale dissipation. Remarkably, a local quantum-state transition promoting an exceedingly small fraction of the molecules in the prethermalized ensemble to a predissociative state also acts with a global effect, driving the entire system to a dissipative equilibrium. Using the Lindblad master equation, we illustrate qualitatively similar dynamics for a toy model of an open quantum system that consists of a localized set of spins on which dissipation acts at a single site as a gateway to equilibrium.
Spontaneous avalanche to plasma begins in the core of an ellipsoidal Rydberg gas of nitric oxide. Ambipolar expansion of NO + draws energy from avalanche-heated electrons. Then, cycles of long-range resonant electron transfer from Rydberg molecules to ions equalize their relative velocities. This sequence of steps gives rise to a remarkable mechanics of self-assembly, in which the kinetic energy of initially formed hot electrons and ions drives an observed separation of plasma volumes. These dynamics adiabatically sequester energy in a reservoir of mass transport, starting a process that anneals separating volumes to form an apparent glass of strongly coupled ions and electrons. Short-time electron spectroscopy provides experimental evidence for complete ionization. The long lifetime of this system, particularly its stability with respect to recombination and neutral dissociation, suggests that this transformation affords a robust state of arrested relaxation, far from thermal equilibrium. We see this most directly in the excitation spectrum of transitions to states in the initially selected Rydberg series, detected as the long-lived signal that survives a flight time of 500μ s to reach an imaging detector. The initial density of electrons produced by prompt Penning ionization, which varies with the selected initial principal quantum number and density of the Rydberg gas, determines a balance between the rising density of ions and the falling density of Rydberg molecules. This Penning-regulated ion-Rydberg molecule balance appears necessary as a critical factor in achieving the long ultracold plasma lifetime to produce spectral features detected after very long delays.
The conditions aforded by a skimmed free-jet expansion intersected by two laser pulses, driving resonant transitions in nitric oxide, determine the phase-space volume of a dense molecular Rydberg ensemble. Spontaneous avalanche to plasma within this system leads to the development of two macroscopic domains. These domains are clearly distinguished by their polarizability as well as their locality within the plasma. The first domain appears at the system core, is polarized by fields exceeding 500 mV/cm and displays an ambipolar expansion character suggestive of initial electron temperatures exceeding 150 Kelvin. The second domain travels with the velocity of the supersonic beam and is robust to the application of several hundred V/cm pulses. It is further distinguished through the apparent arrest of relaxation channels, annealing the domain over a millisecond or more in a state far from thermal equilibrium. Both domains are linked via the spontaneous breaking of ellipsoidal symmetry to form bifurcating arrested volumes.
Double-resonant photoexcitation of nitric oxide in a molecular beam creates a dense ensemble of 50f(2) Rydberg states, which evolves to form a plasma of free electrons trapped in the potential well of an NO + space charge. The plasma travels at the velocity of the molecular beam and, on passing through a grounded grid, yields an electron time-of-flight signal that gauges the plasma size and quantity of trapped electrons. This plasma expands at a rate that fits with an electron temperature as low as 5 K, colder than typically observed for atomic ultracold plasmas. The recombination of molecular NO + cations with electrons forms neutral molecules excited by more than twice the energy of the NO chemical bond, and the question arises whether neutral fragmentation plays a role in shaping the redistribution of energy and particle density that directs the short-time evolution from Rydberg gas to plasma. To explore this question, we adapt a coupled rate-equations model established for atomic ultracold plasmas to describe the energy-grained avalanche of electron–Rydberg and electron–ion collisions in our system. Adding channels of Rydberg predissociation and two-body, electron–cation dissociative recombination to the atomic formalism, we investigate the kinetics by which this relaxation distributes particle density and energy over Rydberg states, free electrons and neutral fragments. The results of this investigation point to conditions under which such processes can effect the steady-state temperature of plasma electrons.