Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1905.11066 · Communications in Theoretical Physics

Neural-Network Quantum State of Transverse-Field Ising Model*

Han-Qing 汉青 Shi 石, Xiao-Yue 小岳 Sun 孙, Ding-Fang 定方 Zeng 曾

Published Nov 1, 2019• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Along the way initiated by Carleo and Troyer [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science 355 (2017) 602], we construct the neural-network quantum state of transverse-field Ising model (TFIM) by an unsupervised machine learning method. Such a wave function is a map from the spin-configuration space to the complex number field determined by an array of network parameters. To get the ground state of the system, values of the network parameters are calculated by a Stochastic Reconfiguration (SR) method. We provide for this SR method an understanding from action principle and information geometry aspects. With this quantum state, we calculate key observables of the system, the energy, correlation function, correlation length, magnetic moment, and susceptibility. As innovations, we provide a high efficiency method and use it to calculate entanglement entropy (EE) of the system and get results consistent with previous work very well .

DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/71/11/1379

Related papers

Quantum Correlations in Ising Spin Rings using an RBM Neural-Network State Framework

AkilArasan Vinayagam

The simulation of interacting many-body quantum systems is a central chal- lenge in condensed matter physics due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space with system size. In this project, we implement a Neural Network Quantum State (NQS) ansatz based on a Complex Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) to solve for the ground state of the 1D Transverse Field Ising Model (TFIM). Using Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) optimization via Stochastic Reconfiguration (SR), we successfully train the network to approximate the ground state wave function across the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition. We benchmark our results against Exact Diagonalization (ED) for small systems (N = 12), demonstrating high accuracy in ground state energy estimation. Furthermore, we investigate quantum correlations and order parameters, specifically the transverse magnetization mx and longitudinal spin-spin correlations Czz(r), highlighting the RBM’s ability to capture long-range order and critical behavior near the quantum critical point hx/J = 1.

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations

Variational Neural Quantum Statesfor the one-dimensional TransverseField Ising Model : Variationsbaserade neurala kvanttillstånd för den endi-mensionella Transverse Field Ising modellen

Emil Svensson

The Transverse Field Ising Model (TFIM) is an important quantum many-body model used to study the competition between spin-spin interactions and quantum fluctuations generated by a transverse field. Due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space with increasing system size, numerical methods quickly become computationally infeasible motivating the use of approximate approaches. In this work Neural Quantum States were used as a variational method to approximate the ground-state properties of the one-dimensional TFIM. The NQS was represented using a feedforward Neural Network and optimized through Monte Carlo sampling together with stochastic reconfiguration. The implementation was done through the NetKet framework. The obtained results showed stable convergence of the variational energy and good agreement with exact diagonalization for the smaller system. The quantum phase transition was observed through the order parameter and spin-spin correlations. Finite-size effects were also observed when comparing the two system sizes. The smaller system more closely approaches the symmetric cat-like ground-state. In contrast, the larger system tends to remain near one symmetry-broken configuration. As a result, the smaller system showed stronger spin expectation fluctuations and a smoother behavior near the phase transition. The result demonstrates that the NQS approach is a good approximate method in studying the ground-state physics of the one-dimensional TFIM.

•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations

Real time evolution with neural-network quantum states

Irene López Gutiérrez, Christian B. Mendl

A promising application of neural-network quantum states is to describe the time dynamics of many-body quantum systems. To realize this idea, we employ neural-network quantum states to approximate the implicit midpoint rule method, which preserves the symplectic form of Hamiltonian dynamics. We ensure that our complex-valued neural networks are holomorphic functions, and exploit this property to efficiently compute gradients. Application to the transverse-field Ising model on a one- and two-dimensional lattice exhibits an accuracy comparable to the stochastic configuration method proposed in [Carleo and Troyer, Science 355, 602-606 (2017)], but does not require computing the (pseudo-)inverse of a matrix.

arXiv:1912.08831•Quantum•Jan 20, 2022•87 citations

Investigating Network Parameters in Neural-Network Quantum States

Yusuke Nomura

Recently, quantum-state representation using artificial neural networks has started to be recognized as a powerful tool. However, due to the black-box nature of machine learning, it is difficult to analyze what machine learns or why it is powerful. Here, by applying one of the simplest neural networks, the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), to the ground-state representation of the one-dimensional (1D) transverse-field Ising (TFI) model, we make an attempt to directly analyze the optimized network parameters. In the RBM optimization, a zero-temperature quantum state is mapped onto a finite-temperature classical state of the extended Ising spins that constitute the RBM. We find that the quantum phase transition from the ordered phase to the disordered phase in the 1D TFI model by increasing the transverse field is clearly reflected in the behaviors of the optimized RBM parameters and hence in the finite-temperature phase diagram of the classical RBM Ising system. The present finding of a correspondence between the neural-network parameters and quantum phases suggests that a careful investigation of the neural-network parameters may provide a new route to extracting nontrivial physical insights from the neural-network wave functions.

arXiv:2202.01704•Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•Apr 18, 2022•5 citations

Quantum boltzmann machine :emergence & applications

Miguel Francisco Aldana Páez

Lately, there has been an extensive state-of-the-art research in Machine Learning methods, due to their important features such as universality in approximations and dimensional reduction. In this way, the present work aims at exploiting these properties of Machine Learning on physical many-body problems, in which a restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is trained with quantum Monte Carlo data to best represent the ground state of an N spin system under the transverse field Ising model Hamiltonian in one dimension. During the path coursed along the development of this project, we first review classical well-implemented methods such as the single-layer perceptron, multi-layer perceptron for the XOR problem with back-propagation algorithm, discrete Hopfield network for pattern reconstruction, continuous Hopfield network with Simulated Annealing for solving the traveling salesman problem with 10 cities and the Boltzmann machine for feature extraction. Then, we review a few aspects of what is called a Quantum Boltzmann Machine and the basics of the transverse field Ising model. Finally, we train an RBM consisting of N visible neurons, hidden density neurons alpha=M/N=2 and 1-step contrastive divergence (CD_1), by minimizing the Kullbach-Liebler divergence of the RBM and the training data set coming from the algorithmic variant of quantum Monte Carlo, known as discrete Path-Integral Monte Carlo. For this last step, we use Trotter-Suzuki decomposition with m Trotter slices and the Wolff-s cluster algorithm. After training the RBM, we calculate magnetic observables based on the RBM-s wave-function such as longitudinal and transverse magnetization, for different values of transverse field and we do an estimation of the critical field at which the transverse Ising model system suffers a quantum phase transition from ferromagnet to paramagnet

•Jan 1, 2018•0 citations

Simplicity of mean-field theories in neural quantum states

Fabian Ballar Trigueros, Tiago Mendes-Santos, Markus Heyl

The utilization of artificial neural networks to represent quantum many-body wave functions has garnered significant attention, with enormous recent progress for both ground states and nonequilibrium dynamics. However, quantifying state complexity within this neural quantum states framework remains elusive. In this study, we address this key open question from a complementary point of view: Which states are simple to represent with neural quantum states? Concretely, we show on a general level that ground states of mean-field theories with permutation symmetry require only a limited number of independent neural network parameters. We analytically establish that, in the thermodynamic limit, convergence to the ground state of the fully connected transverse-field Ising model (TFIM), the mean-field Ising model, can be achieved with just one single parameter. Expanding our analysis, we explore the behavior of the one-parameter ansatz under breaking of the permutation symmetry. For that purpose, we consider the TFIM with tunable long-range interactions, characterized by an interaction exponent α . We show analytically that the one-parameter ansatz for the neural quantum state still accurately captures the ground state for a whole range of values for 0≤α≤1 , implying a mean-field description of the model in this regime. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

arXiv:2308.10934•Physical Review Research•Jun 10, 2024•6 citations
Abstract Along the way initiated by Carleo and Troyer [G. Carleo and M. Troyer, Science 355 (2017) 602], we construct the neural-network quantum state of transverse-field Ising model (TFIM) by an unsupervised machine learning method. Such a wave function is a map from the spin-configuration space to the complex number field determined by an array of network parameters. To get the ground state of the system, values of the network parameters are calculated by a Stochastic Reconfiguration (SR) method. We provide for this SR method an understanding from action principle and information geometry aspects. With this quantum state, we calculate key observables of the system, the energy, correlation function, correlation length, magnetic moment, and susceptibility. As innovations, we provide a high efficiency method and use it to calculate entanglement entropy (EE) of the system and get results consistent with previous work very well .
The simulation of interacting many-body quantum systems is a central chal- lenge in condensed matter physics due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space with system size. In this project, we implement a Neural Network Quantum State (NQS) ansatz based on a Complex Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) to solve for the ground state of the 1D Transverse Field Ising Model (TFIM). Using Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) optimization via Stochastic Reconfiguration (SR), we successfully train the network to approximate the ground state wave function across the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition. We benchmark our results against Exact Diagonalization (ED) for small systems (N = 12), demonstrating high accuracy in ground state energy estimation. Furthermore, we investigate quantum correlations and order parameters, specifically the transverse magnetization mx and longitudinal spin-spin correlations Czz(r), highlighting the RBM’s ability to capture long-range order and critical behavior near the quantum critical point hx/J = 1.
The Transverse Field Ising Model (TFIM) is an important quantum many-body model used to study the competition between spin-spin interactions and quantum fluctuations generated by a transverse field. Due to the exponential growth of the Hilbert space with increasing system size, numerical methods quickly become computationally infeasible motivating the use of approximate approaches. In this work Neural Quantum States were used as a variational method to approximate the ground-state properties of the one-dimensional TFIM. The NQS was represented using a feedforward Neural Network and optimized through Monte Carlo sampling together with stochastic reconfiguration. The implementation was done through the NetKet framework. The obtained results showed stable convergence of the variational energy and good agreement with exact diagonalization for the smaller system. The quantum phase transition was observed through the order parameter and spin-spin correlations. Finite-size effects were also observed when comparing the two system sizes. The smaller system more closely approaches the symmetric cat-like ground-state. In contrast, the larger system tends to remain near one symmetry-broken configuration. As a result, the smaller system showed stronger spin expectation fluctuations and a smoother behavior near the phase transition. The result demonstrates that the NQS approach is a good approximate method in studying the ground-state physics of the one-dimensional TFIM.
A promising application of neural-network quantum states is to describe the time dynamics of many-body quantum systems. To realize this idea, we employ neural-network quantum states to approximate the implicit midpoint rule method, which preserves the symplectic form of Hamiltonian dynamics. We ensure that our complex-valued neural networks are holomorphic functions, and exploit this property to efficiently compute gradients. Application to the transverse-field Ising model on a one- and two-dimensional lattice exhibits an accuracy comparable to the stochastic configuration method proposed in [Carleo and Troyer, Science 355, 602-606 (2017)], but does not require computing the (pseudo-)inverse of a matrix.
Recently, quantum-state representation using artificial neural networks has started to be recognized as a powerful tool. However, due to the black-box nature of machine learning, it is difficult to analyze what machine learns or why it is powerful. Here, by applying one of the simplest neural networks, the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), to the ground-state representation of the one-dimensional (1D) transverse-field Ising (TFI) model, we make an attempt to directly analyze the optimized network parameters. In the RBM optimization, a zero-temperature quantum state is mapped onto a finite-temperature classical state of the extended Ising spins that constitute the RBM. We find that the quantum phase transition from the ordered phase to the disordered phase in the 1D TFI model by increasing the transverse field is clearly reflected in the behaviors of the optimized RBM parameters and hence in the finite-temperature phase diagram of the classical RBM Ising system. The present finding of a correspondence between the neural-network parameters and quantum phases suggests that a careful investigation of the neural-network parameters may provide a new route to extracting nontrivial physical insights from the neural-network wave functions.
Lately, there has been an extensive state-of-the-art research in Machine Learning methods, due to their important features such as universality in approximations and dimensional reduction. In this way, the present work aims at exploiting these properties of Machine Learning on physical many-body problems, in which a restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is trained with quantum Monte Carlo data to best represent the ground state of an N spin system under the transverse field Ising model Hamiltonian in one dimension. During the path coursed along the development of this project, we first review classical well-implemented methods such as the single-layer perceptron, multi-layer perceptron for the XOR problem with back-propagation algorithm, discrete Hopfield network for pattern reconstruction, continuous Hopfield network with Simulated Annealing for solving the traveling salesman problem with 10 cities and the Boltzmann machine for feature extraction. Then, we review a few aspects of what is called a Quantum Boltzmann Machine and the basics of the transverse field Ising model. Finally, we train an RBM consisting of N visible neurons, hidden density neurons alpha=M/N=2 and 1-step contrastive divergence (CD_1), by minimizing the Kullbach-Liebler divergence of the RBM and the training data set coming from the algorithmic variant of quantum Monte Carlo, known as discrete Path-Integral Monte Carlo. For this last step, we use Trotter-Suzuki decomposition with m Trotter slices and the Wolff-s cluster algorithm. After training the RBM, we calculate magnetic observables based on the RBM-s wave-function such as longitudinal and transverse magnetization, for different values of transverse field and we do an estimation of the critical field at which the transverse Ising model system suffers a quantum phase transition from ferromagnet to paramagnet
The utilization of artificial neural networks to represent quantum many-body wave functions has garnered significant attention, with enormous recent progress for both ground states and nonequilibrium dynamics. However, quantifying state complexity within this neural quantum states framework remains elusive. In this study, we address this key open question from a complementary point of view: Which states are simple to represent with neural quantum states? Concretely, we show on a general level that ground states of mean-field theories with permutation symmetry require only a limited number of independent neural network parameters. We analytically establish that, in the thermodynamic limit, convergence to the ground state of the fully connected transverse-field Ising model (TFIM), the mean-field Ising model, can be achieved with just one single parameter. Expanding our analysis, we explore the behavior of the one-parameter ansatz under breaking of the permutation symmetry. For that purpose, we consider the TFIM with tunable long-range interactions, characterized by an interaction exponent α . We show analytically that the one-parameter ansatz for the neural quantum state still accurately captures the ground state for a whole range of values for 0≤α≤1 , implying a mean-field description of the model in this regime. Published by the American Physical Society 2024