Search by lackadaisical quantum walks with nonhomogeneous weights

Abstract

The lackadaisical quantum walk, which is a quantum walk with a weighted self-loop at each vertex, has been shown to speed up dispersion on the line and improve spatial search on the complete graph and periodic square lattice. In these investigations, each self-loop had the same weight, owing to each graph's vertex transitivity. In this paper, we propose lackadaisical quantum walks where the self-loops have different weights. We investigate spatial search on the complete bipartite graph, which can be irregular with ${N}_{1}$ and ${N}_{2}$ vertices in each partite set, and this naturally leads to self-loops in each partite set having different weights ${l}_{1}$ and ${l}_{2}$, respectively. We analytically prove that for large ${N}_{1}$ and ${N}_{2}$, if the $k$ marked vertices are confined to, say, the first partite set, then with the typical initial uniform state over the vertices, the success probability is improved from its nonlackadaisical value when ${l}_{1}=k{N}_{2}/2{N}_{1}$ and ${N}_{2}>(3\ensuremath{-}2\sqrt{2}){N}_{1}$, regardless of ${l}_{2}$. When the initial state is stationary under the quantum walk, however, then the success probability is improved when ${l}_{1}=k{N}_{2}/2{N}_{1}$, now without a constraint on the ratio of ${N}_{1}$ and ${N}_{2}$, and again independent of ${l}_{2}$. Next, when marked vertices lie in both partite sets, then for either initial state there are many configurations for which the self-loops yield no improvement in quantum search, no matter what weights they take.