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arXiv:1905.05419 · Condensed Matter

Fermi-Bose Mixtures and BCS-BEC Crossover in High-Tc Superconductors

Maxim Yu. Kagan, Antonio Bianconi

Published Jun 3, 2019• 35 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this review article we consider theoretically and give experimental support to the models of the Fermi-Bose mixtures and the BCS-BEC (Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer–Bose Einstein) crossover compared with the strong-coupling approach, which can serve as the cornerstones on the way from high-temperature to room-temperature superconductivity in pressurized metallic hydrides. We discuss some key theoretical ideas and mechanisms proposed for unconventional superconductors (cuprates, pnictides, chalcogenides, bismuthates, diborides, heavy-fermions, organics, bilayer graphene, twisted graphene, oxide hetero-structures), superfluids and balanced or imbalanced ultracold Fermi gases in magnetic traps. We build a bridge between unconventional superconductors and recently discovered pressurized hydrides superconductors H3S and LaH10 with the critical temperature close to room temperature. We discuss systems with a line of nodal Dirac points close to the Fermi surface and superconducting shape resonances, and hyperbolic superconducting networks which are very important for the development of novel topological superconductors, for the energetics, for the applications in nano-electronics and quantum computations.

DOI
10.3390/condmat4020051

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In this review article we consider theoretically and give experimental support to the models of the Fermi-Bose mixtures and the BCS-BEC (Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer–Bose Einstein) crossover compared with the strong-coupling approach, which can serve as the cornerstones on the way from high-temperature to room-temperature superconductivity in pressurized metallic hydrides. We discuss some key theoretical ideas and mechanisms proposed for unconventional superconductors (cuprates, pnictides, chalcogenides, bismuthates, diborides, heavy-fermions, organics, bilayer graphene, twisted graphene, oxide hetero-structures), superfluids and balanced or imbalanced ultracold Fermi gases in magnetic traps. We build a bridge between unconventional superconductors and recently discovered pressurized hydrides superconductors H3S and LaH10 with the critical temperature close to room temperature. We discuss systems with a line of nodal Dirac points close to the Fermi surface and superconducting shape resonances, and hyperbolic superconducting networks which are very important for the development of novel topological superconductors, for the energetics, for the applications in nano-electronics and quantum computations.
The theory of unconventional superconductors continues to provide profound puzzles. The crossover between the weakly coupled Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state and the strong-pairing Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) provides a useful perspective on how to address these questions. This paper describes a self-consistent framework for thinking about the crossover regime in between these two limits. The review discusses to what extent this BCS-BEC theory applies to a range of classes of superconducting materials including the cuprates, iron pnictides, twisted bilayer graphene, and interfacial superconductivity among others.
Abstract A Fermi gas described within the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory can be converted into a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of composite molecules (dimers) by adiabatically tuning the interaction. The sequence of states that emerge in the process of such a conversion is referred to as the BCS–BEC crossover. We here review the theoretical and experimental results obtained for the BCS–BEC crossover in three- and quasi-two-dimensional quantum gases in the limiting geometry of traps and on optical lattices. We discuss nontrivial phenomena in the hydrodynamics of superfluid quantum gases and fluids, including the collective excitation spectrum in the BCS–BEC crossover, the hydrodynamics of rotating Bose condensates containing a large number of quantized vortices, and the intriguing problem of the chiral anomaly in the hydrodynamics of superfluid Fermi systems with an anisotropic p-wave pairing. We also analyze spin-imbalanced quantum gases and the potential to realize the triplet p-wave pairing via the Kohn–Luttinger mechanism in those gases. Recent results on two-dimensional Fermi-gas preparation and the observation of fluctuation phenomena related to the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in those gases are also reviewed. We briefly discuss the recent experimental discovery of the BCS–BEC crossover and anomalous superconductivity in bilayer graphene and the role of graphene, other Dirac semimetals (for example, bismuth), and 2D optical lattices as potential reference systems that exhibit all of the effects reviewed here.
The crossover from weak-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of tightly bound pairs, as a function of the attractive interaction in Fermi systems, has long been of interest to theoretical physicists. The past decade has seen a series of remarkable experimental developments in ultracold Fermi gases that have realized the BCS-BEC crossover in the laboratory, bringing with it fresh new insights into the very strongly interacting unitary regime in the middle of this crossover. In this review, we start with a pedagogical introduction to the crossover and then focus on recent progress in the strongly interacting regime. Although our focus is on new theoretical developments, we also describe three key experiments that probe the thermodynamics, transport, and spectroscopy of the unitary Fermi gas. We discuss connections between the unitary regime and other areas of physics—quark-gluon plasmas, gauge-gravity duality, and high-temperature superconductivity—and conclude with open questions about strongly interacting Fermi gases.
This review is written at the time of the twentieth anniversary of the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, which nearly coincides with the important discovery of the superfluid phases of ultracold trapped fermionic atoms. We show how these two subjects have much in common. Both have been addressed from the perspective of the BCS—Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover scenario, which is designed to treat short coherence length superfluids with transition temperatures which are “high” with respect to the Fermi energy. A generalized mean field treatment of BCS–BEC crossover at general temperatures T, based on the BCS–Leggett ground state, has met with remarkable success in the fermionic atomic systems. Here we summarize this success in the context of four different cold atom experiments, all of which provide indications, direct or indirect, for the existence of a pseudogap. This scenario also provides a physical picture of the pseudogap phase in the underdoped cuprates which is a central focus of high Tc research. We summarize successful applications of BCS–BEC crossover to key experiments in high Tc systems, including the phase diagram, specific heat, and vortex core STM data, along with the Nernst effect, and exciting recent data on the superfluid density in very underdoped samples.
We review aspects of the evolution from Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in two dimensions, which have now become relevant in systems with low densities, such as gated superconductors Li xZrNCl, magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene, FeSe, FeSe1− xS x, and ultracold Fermi superfluids. We emphasize the important role played by chemical potentials in determining crossovers or topological quantum phase transitions during the BCS–BEC evolution in one-band and two-band superfluids and superconductors. We highlight that crossovers from BCS to BEC occur for pairing in nonnodal s-wave channels, whereas topological quantum phase transitions, in which the order parameter symmetry does not change, arise for pairing in any nodal higher angular momentum channels, such as d-wave. We conclude by discussing a few open questions regarding the BCS-to-BEC evolution in 2D, including modulus fluctuations of the order parameter, tighter upper bounds on critical temperatures, and the exploration of lattice effects in two-band superconductors and superfluids.
The crossover from weak coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) pairing to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of tightly bound pairs, as a function of the attractive interaction in Fermi systems, has long been of interest to theoretical physicists. The past decade has seen a series of remarkable experimental developments in ultracold Fermi gases that has realized the BCS-BEC crossover in the laboratory, bringing with it fresh new insights into the very strongly interacting unitary regime in the middle of this crossover. In this review, we start with a pedagogical introduction to the crossover and then focus on recent progress in the strongly interacting regime. While our focus is on new theoretical developments, we also describe three key experiments that probe the thermodynamics, transport and spectroscopy of the unitary Fermi gas. We discuss connections between the unitary regime and other areas of physics -- quark-gluon plasmas, gauge-gravity duality and high temperature superconductivity -- and conclude with open questions about strongly interacting Fermi gases.