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arXiv:1905.02807 · Physical Review A

Optimal pulse propagation in an inhomogeneously gas-filled hollow-core fiber

Roman Lucas Sulzbach, Thorsten Peters, R. Walser

Published Jul 24, 2019• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Hollow-core fibers filled with a cloud of cold atoms are an excellent platform for the generation of strong light-matter coupling. A theoretical investigation shows that, by applying an optimal one-photon detuning, one can mitigate effects that are detrimental to the interaction, such as frequency-dependent lensing and distortions of the probe laser beam.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.013847

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Hollow-core fibers filled with a cloud of cold atoms are an excellent platform for the generation of strong light-matter coupling. A theoretical investigation shows that, by applying an optimal one-photon detuning, one can mitigate effects that are detrimental to the interaction, such as frequency-dependent lensing and distortions of the probe laser beam.
We propose a scheme for superluminal propagation of a linearly polarized smooth light pulse in cold atoms trapped inside a hollow-core fiber with intensity-dependent negative group velocity. The tight confinement of the atoms inside the fiber core prevents atom-wall collisions, while the Doppler width is negligible as compared to atomic decay rate. We show that with initially prepared Zeeman coherence, the absorption of light is smaller enough to be ignored, while due to nonlinear dependence on laser intensity more intense parts of the pulse travel slower leading to the formation of the extremely sharp trailing edge and to the lengthening of the leading edge of the pulse. Such a behavior is contrast to the case of nonlinear propagation of the pulse in a medium with normal dispersion where a shock wave is generated. It is highly important that with 10 4 atoms inside the fiber the large nonlinearities in the medium refractive index can be achieved at extremely low light levels.
We theoretically investigate the process of coupling cold atoms into the core of a hollow-core photonic-crystal optical fiber using a blue-detuned Laguerre-Gaussian beam. In contrast to the use of a red-detuned Gaussian beam to couple the atoms, the blue-detuned hollow beam can confine cold atoms to the darkest regions of the beam, thereby minimizing shifts in the internal states and making the guide highly robust to heating effects. This single optical beam is used as both a funnel and a guide to maximize the number of atoms into the fiber. In the proposed experiment, Rb atoms are loaded into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) above a vertically oriented optical fiber. We observe a gravito-optical trapping effect for atoms with high orbital momentum around the trap axis, which prevents atoms from coupling to the fiber: these atoms lack the kinetic energy to escape the potential and are thus trapped in the laser funnel indefinitely. We find that by reducing the dipolar force to the point at which the trapping effect just vanishes, it is possible to optimize the coupling of atoms into the fiber. Our simulations predict that by using a low-power (2.5 mW) and far-detuned (300 GHz) Laguerre-Gaussian beam with a 20-$\ensuremath{\mu}$m-radius core hollow fiber, it is possible to couple 11% of the atoms from a MOT 9 mm away from the fiber. When the MOT is positioned farther away, coupling efficiencies over 50% can be achieved with larger core fibers.
Our goal is to study quantum optical phenomena in a strong nonlinear optical system. For this purpose, we create a hollow-core photonic-crystal (HCPC) fiber-based platform that confines photons and atomic ensembles together. This enables strong light-matter interactions which are crucial for implementing optical nonlinearities at single-photon levels [1]. We use an optical dipole trap at cesium's magic wavelength to guide laser cooled cesium atoms into and inside the fiber core. This approach will allow us to perform experiments with the dipole trap continuously on as opposed to the previously reported fiber-loading systems [2,3] in which the dipole trap was rapidly amplitude-modulated to avoid the effect from the spatially dependent AC Stark shift. In this system, we perform experiments on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and demonstrate slow light and all optical switch. We also aim to observe large cross-phase modulation (XPM) using a three-level ladder scheme [4,5]. Lastly, the approaches to integrate a cavity into HCPCFs to increase light-matter interactions, thus the optical nonlinearities, will be described.
Cold atoms confined inside a hollow core photonic crystal fiber with core diameter of a few photon wavelengths are a promising medium for studying nonlinear optical interactions at extremely low light levels. The high electric field intensity per photon, large optical depths, and interaction lengths not limited by diffraction are some of the unique features of this system. We describe recent progress in our experiment that uses a combination of magnetic trapping and a red-detuned optical dipole trap to transfer cold rubidium atoms into the hollow-core fiber. We present data on transfer efficiencies as well as preliminary experiments towards nonlinear optics with few photon pulses.