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arXiv:1904.11748 · Physical Review A

Preparation of bipartite bound entangled Gaussian states in quantum optics

Shan Ma, Matthew J. Woolley, Xiaojun Jia, Jing Zhang

Published Aug 8, 2019• 8 citations

Abstract

The positivity of the partial transpose is in general only a necessary condition for separability. There exist quantum states that are not separable, but nevertheless are positive under the partial transpose. States of this type are known as bound entangled states, meaning that these states are entangled but they do not allow distillation of pure entanglement by means of local operations and classical communication. We present a parametrization of a class of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ bound entangled Gaussian states for bipartite continuous-variable quantum systems with two modes on each side. We propose an experimental protocol for preparing a particular bound entangled state in quantum optics. We then discuss the robustness properties of this protocol with respect to the occupation number of thermal inputs and the degrees of squeezing.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.100.022309

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The positivity of the partial transpose is in general only a necessary condition for separability. There exist quantum states that are not separable, but nevertheless are positive under the partial transpose. States of this type are known as bound entangled states, meaning that these states are entangled but they do not allow distillation of pure entanglement by means of local operations and classical communication. We present a parametrization of a class of

2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2

bound entangled Gaussian states for bipartite continuous-variable quantum systems with two modes on each side. We propose an experimental protocol for preparing a particular bound entangled state in quantum optics. We then discuss the robustness properties of this protocol with respect to the occupation number of thermal inputs and the degrees of squeezing.

We discuss the entanglement properties of bipartite states with Gaussian Wigner functions. For the separability, and the positivity of the partial transpose, we establish explicit necessary and sufficient criteria in terms of the covariance matrix of the state. It is shown that, for systems composed of a single oscillator for Alice and an arbitrary number for Bob, positivity of the partial transpose implies separability. However, this implication fails with two oscillators on each side, as we show by constructing a five parameter family of bound entangled Gaussian states.

We introduce a class of bipartite entangled continuous variable states that are positive under a partial transposition (PPT) operation, i.e., PPT bound entangled. These states are based on realistic preparation procedures in optical systems, being thus a feasible option to generate and observe genuinely bipartite bound entanglement in high precision experiments. One fundamental step in our scheme is to perform a non-Gaussian operation over a single-mode Gaussian state. This degaussification procedure is achieved through a modified single-photon addition, which is a procedure that is currently being investigated in diverse optical setups. Although dependent on a single-photon detection in an idler channel, the preparation can be made unconditional after a calibration of the apparatus. The detection and proof of bound entanglement is made by means of the range criterion, theory of Hankel operators and Gerschgorin Disk's perturbation theorems.

We consider generic $(m\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}n)$-mode bipartitions of continuous-variable systems, and study the associated bisymmetric multimode Gaussian states. They are defined as

(m+n)

-mode Gaussian states invariant under local mode permutations on the

m

-mode and

n

-mode subsystems. We prove that such states are equivalent, under local unitary transformations, to the tensor product of a two-mode state and of $m+n\ensuremath{-}2$ uncorrelated single-mode states. The entanglement between the

m

-mode and the

n

-mode blocks can then be completely concentrated on a single pair of modes by means of local unitary operations alone. This result allows us to prove that the PPT (positivity of the partial transpose) condition is necessary and sufficient for the separability of

(m+n)

-mode bisymmetric Gaussian states. We determine exactly their negativity and identify a subset of bisymmetric states whose multimode entanglement of formation can be computed analytically. We consider explicit examples of pure and mixed bisymmetric states and study their entanglement scaling with the number of modes.