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arXiv:1904.05881 · Physica Scripta

Deterministic secure quantum communication with and without entanglement

Tarek A. Elsayed

Published Nov 26, 2020• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We present a protocol for sending a message over a quantum channel with different layers of security that will prevent an eavesdropper from deciphering the message without being detected. The protocol has two versions where the bits are encoded in either pairs of entangled photons or separate photons. Unlike many other protocols, it requires a one-way, rather than a two-way, quantum channel and does not require a quantum memor. A quantum key is used to encrypt the message and both the key and the message are sent over the quantum channle with the same quantum encoding technique. The key is sent only if no eavesdropper is detected.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/abce34

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arXiv:1111.0109•Physical Review A•Oct 31, 2011•70 citations
Abstract We present a protocol for sending a message over a quantum channel with different layers of security that will prevent an eavesdropper from deciphering the message without being detected. The protocol has two versions where the bits are encoded in either pairs of entangled photons or separate photons. Unlike many other protocols, it requires a one-way, rather than a two-way, quantum channel and does not require a quantum memor. A quantum key is used to encrypt the message and both the key and the message are sent over the quantum channle with the same quantum encoding technique. The key is sent only if no eavesdropper is detected.
Quantum communication is an important branch of quantum technology. It can safely transmit private information between legitimate parties and its unconditional security is guaranteed by quantum physics. So far, deterministic secure quantum communication without entanglement usually transmits single photons in two-way quantum channels. We propose a deterministic secure quantum communication proposal, and it requires a one-way quantum channel and a classical channel. In our protocol, a sender encodes logical bits by using two conjugate bases consisting of the polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom of a photon and transmits it to a receiver over a quantum channel. Upon receiving this photon, the receiver measures it randomly in two bases and can decode the bit deterministically with the help of the sender. Any attack from eavesdroppers will be detected by the legitimate parties. Furthermore, this protocol can be implemented with linear-optic elements and single-photon detectors.
A secure quantum deterministic communication protocol is described. The protocol is based on transmission of quantum states from unbiased bases and exploits no entanglement. It is composed form two main components: a quantum quasi secure quantum communication supported by a suitable classical message preprocessing layer. Contrary to many others propositions, it does not require large quantum registers. A security level comparable to classic block ciphers is achieved by a specially designed, purely classic, message pre- and post-processing. However, unlike to the classic communication, no key agreement is required. The protocol is also designed in such a way, that noise in the quantum channel works in advantage to legitimate users improving the security level of the communication.
One-way deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on single photons is proposed in this paper, in which the XOR operation by bits of the information sequence and random sequence is performed and the checking sequence is inserted before the sender’s coding operation. When the photons arrive at the receiver, they are delayed at the receiver, and the sender then publishes the coding basis, so the photons can be measured in the correct basis. Then the two parties estimate the security of the quantum channel by the checking bits. When the channel is secure the sender publishes the random bits where the receiver has results, and the information sequence can be recovered by the receiver. Even the channel is not secure, what the eavesdropper gets is the random sending sequence, the information sequence is still secure. This protocol has the advantages of higher transmission efficiency and easier implementation compared with the two-way communication.
This paper proposes a quantum secure communication protocol using multiple photons to represent each bit of a message to be shared. The multi-photon tolerant approach to quantum cryptography provides a quantum level security while using more than a single photon per transmission. The protocol proposed is a multi-stage protocol; an explanation of its operation and implementation are provided. The multi-stage protocol is based on the use of unitary transformations known only to Alice and Bob. This paper studies the security aspects of the multi-stage protocol by assessing its vulnerability to different attacks. It is well known that as the number of photons increases, the level of vulnerability of the multi-stage protocol increases. This paper sets a limit on the number of photons that can be used while keeping the multi-stage protocol a multi-photon tolerant quantum secure method for communication. The analysis of the number of photons to be used is based on the probability of success of a Helstrom discrimination done by an eavesdropper on the channel. Limiting the number of photons up to certain threshold per stage makes it impossible for an eavesdropper to decipher the message sent over the channel. The proposed protocol obviates the disadvantages associated with single photon implementations, such as limited data rates and distances along with the need to have no more than a single photon per time slot. The multi-stage protocol is a step toward direct quantum communication rather than quantum key distribution associated with single photon approaches.
Losses in a quantum channel do not allow deterministic communication. We propose a two-way six-state deterministic secure quantum communication scheme that is robust in a lossy channel. Our protocol can be used for two purposes: (a) establishment of a deterministic key, and (b) direct communication of a secret message. Our protocol is directly integrable with the decoy state method while achieving deterministic communication without using a quantum memory. In our protocol, a legitimate party has the control to assign a desired bit value to a successfully transmitted qubit in the public discussion step. Before the public discussion, no information is leaked to the eavesdropper (Eve) even if all the qubits are measured or prepared by her. Hence, our scheme is used as a quantum direct communication (QDC) protocol, to meet the quality of service requirement of swift data communication. We compare the security of our protocol against the photon number splitting attack in the absence of the decoy state method with two QDC protocols. We compute the success probability of Eve when our protocol is used as a multiparty key distribution scheme. We also propose the criteria to compute the efficiency of QDC protocols.
In a deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) protocol with a two-way quantum channel, Bob sends a qubit to Alice who then encodes a key bit onto the qubit and sends it back to Bob. After measuring the returned qubit, Bob can obtain Alice's key bit immediately, without basis reconciliation. Since an eavesdropper may attack the qubits traveling on either the Bob-Alice channel or the Alice-Bob channel, the security analysis of DQKD protocol with a two-way quantum channel is complicated and its unconditional security has been controversial. This paper presents a security proof of a single-photon four-state DQKD protocol against general attacks.