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arXiv:1903.08698 · Physical Review A

Electric-field-induced helium-helium resonances

Qingze Guan, D. Blume

Published Mar 19, 2019• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The tunability of the helium-helium interaction through an external electric field is investigated. For a static external field, electric-field-induced resonances and associated electric-field-induced bound states are calculated for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He},^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$, and $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ systems. Qualitative agreement is found with the literature for the $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ systems [E. Nielsen, D. V. Fedorov, and A. S. Jensen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2844 (1999)]. The implications of the predicted electric-field-induced resonances for $^{4}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ on the wave packet dynamics, initiated by intense laser pulses, are investigated. Our results are expected to guide next generation experiments.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.033416

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The tunability of the helium-helium interaction through an external electric field is investigated. For a static external field, electric-field-induced resonances and associated electric-field-induced bound states are calculated for the 4He\ensuremath-4He,3He\ensuremath-4He^{4}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He},^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}4He\ensuremath-4He,3He\ensuremath-4He, and 3He\ensuremath-3He^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He\ensuremath-3He systems. Qualitative agreement is found with the literature for the 3He\ensuremath-4He^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}3He\ensuremath-4He and 3He\ensuremath-3He^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He\ensuremath-3He systems [E. Nielsen, D. V. Fedorov, and A. S. Jensen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2844 (1999)]. The implications of the predicted electric-field-induced resonances for 4He\ensuremath-4He^{4}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}\mathrm{He}4He\ensuremath-4He on the wave packet dynamics, initiated by intense laser pulses, are investigated. Our results are expected to guide next generation experiments.
Three methods of perturbing the ground state of the He4 dimer by electric fields are treated: the Stark shift by large static electric fields; dissociation by a pulsed electric field; and the coupling of a plane wave to the interaction-induced quadrupole moment of the dimer. The second process, with coupling to the interaction-induced polarizability anisotropy of the dimer, appears to offer the best prospect for observable perturbation of the dimer. The estimates are based on results of ab initio calculations of properties of the He–He system.
Dipole-dipole interactions between helium atoms in Rydberg-Stark states with principal quantum number n=53n=53n=53 and approximately linear Stark energy shifts, resulting from induced electric dipole moments of approximately 7900 D, have been investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in pulsed supersonic metastable helium beams, with particle number densities of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. In the presence of amplitude-modulated, radio-frequency electric fields, changes in the spectral intensity distributions associated with the transitions to these states that are attributed to dipole-dipole interactions within the ensembles of excited atoms have been observed. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with calculations of the Rydberg energy level structure carried out using Floquet methods, and excitations shared by up to four atoms. The use of these Rydberg-Stark states as sensors for nonresonant broadband radio-frequency electrical noise is also discussed.
The variations of the bound states of heteronuclear collision complexes in a static electric field are investigated. Using a prototype model, we engineer the interatomic interaction of the collision complex to have an lll-wave bound state or quasibound state (virtual state for sss wave) close to the threshold. The variation of such a state with electric field is calculated to find out whether it crosses the threshold and produces a zero-energy resonance. We identify the cases in which an electric-field-induced resonance can occur at low field. The prototype model is used to interpret the calculated results with realistic potentials for heteronuclear alkali-metal collision complexes. We also calculate the probability density of the low-energy scattering state and find that the short-range probability density can still be enhanced in the absence of electric-field-induced resonance.
Alignment and orientation effects in collisions of helium with Rydberg atoms due to the presence of static electric and magnetic fields are predicted. Analytical expressions are obtained for the cross sections of the state-to-state transitions within the manifold with the same principal quantum number. For moderate field-induced inelasticity, the curves of the cross sections vs the fields intensity show modulations that are explained in terms of the phase differences accumulated by the wave functions of the states involved in the collision. Due to the presence of the magnetic field, transitions involving inversion of high magnetic quantum numbers are dramatically quenched. The possibility of observing the predicted effects is discussed. The reported analytical cross sections are expected to help in the understanding of the results.
Electric Rydberg-atom interferometry has been performed with helium atoms in coherent superpositions of the 1s56s3S11s56s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}1s56s3S1​ and 1s57s3S11s57s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}1s57s3S1​ Rydberg levels. The experiments were carried out in a longitudinal geometry with the atoms traveling at 2000 m/s in pulsed supersonic beams. After laser photoexcitation from the 1s2s3S11s2s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}1s2s3S1​ metastable level, coherent manipulation of the population of the Rydberg states was achieved using sequences of microwave pulses. The difference in the static electric dipole polarizabilities of the 1s56s3S11s56s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}1s56s3S1​ and 1s57s3S11s57s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}1s57s3S1​ levels allowed superpositions of external momentum states to be generated when inhomogeneous electric fields were used to exerted forces on the atoms prepared in superpositions of these internal states. Interference fringes, with contributions arising from the spatial separation of these Rydberg-atom wave packets in the direction of propagation of the atomic beam, were identified through changes in the internal-state populations as the magnitudes and durations of the time-dependent electric-field gradient pulses were adjusted. The maximal displacement of the atomic wave packets for which interference fringes were observed was $\ensuremath{\sim}0.75\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, limited by the longitudinal velocity spread in the atomic beam and the characteristics of the inhomogeneous electric-field distribution in the apparatus. The experimental data are in good quantitative agreement with the results of numerical calculations of the time evolution of the atomic states under the experimental conditions.
The electric dipole, quadrupole, and octupole polarizabilities of a helium atom and the associated dispersion coefficients for the interaction of two helium atoms are calculated for the atomic n=2n=2n=2 singlet and triplet states, respectively, He(21S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)He(21S) and He(23S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)He(23S). The calculations utilize highly accurate, variationally determined, wave functions composed of doubled basis sets. The effects of retardation due to the finite speed of light are calculated for the dispersion potentials of two He(21S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)He(21S) or two He(23S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)He(23S) atoms and for the atom-surface interaction potentials of a He(21S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{1}S)He(21S) or a He(23S)\mathrm{He}(2{}^{3}S)He(23S) atom with a perfectly conducting or a dielectric wall.