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arXiv:1903.05930 · Light Science & Applications

Quantum expander for gravitational-wave observatories

Mikhail Korobko, Yiqiu Ma, Yanbei Chen, Roman Schnabel

Published Dec 11, 2019• 37 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The quantum uncertainty of laser light limits the sensitivity of gravitational-wave observatories. Over the past 30 years, techniques for squeezing the quantum uncertainty, as well as for enhancing gravitational-wave signals with optical resonators have been invented. Resonators, however, have finite linewidths, and the high signal frequencies that are produced during the highly scientifically interesting ring-down of astrophysical compact-binary mergers still cannot be resolved. Here, we propose a purely optical approach for expanding the detection bandwidth. It uses quantum uncertainty squeezing inside one of the optical resonators, compensating for the finite resonators' linewidths while keeping the low-frequency sensitivity unchanged. This quantum expander is intended to enhance the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors, and we suggest the use of this new tool in other cavity-enhanced metrological experiments.

DOI
10.1038/s41377-019-0230-2

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The dawn of gravitational-wave astronomy has begun in 2015 with the historic detection of a binary black hole merger. Several more detections followed in the years after. Among them, the detectors observed the inspiral of a neutron star binary. This merger was also observed in a broad spectrum of electromagnetic counterparts. This multi-messenger observation demonstrated that gravitational-wave astronomy is invaluable for understanding the Universe. Current detectors, however, are able to see only a small part of binaries’ inspirals. A typical signal from an inspiral of a binary neutron star appears in the detector at low frequencies a few minutes before the merger. During the inspiral, the frequency of the signal increases, faster for higher frequencies. It quickly passes through the detection band of the observatory. The merger itself and post-merger oscillations often remain inaccessible due to the reduced sensitivity of the detector to high-frequency signals. 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At frequencies outside this bandwidth the signal is getting suppressed. Signals from the binary neutron star mergers typically have frequencies outside the detection bandwidth. In this thesis I study the fundamental limitations on the sensitivity of detectors, in the quest of a broadband observatory. I discuss a speedmeter approach to increasing the low-frequency sensitivity, and propose two ways of achieving it: with quantum-entangled light, and in a novel ring cavity topology of the detector, which I test experimentally. I further study the fundamental limits arising from the finite bandwidth of the cavities, and demonstrate experimentally how this limit can be overcome. I propose a concept of quantum expander that allows to increase the detection bandwidth by using quantum correlations, generated directly inside the detector’s cavities. 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The quantum uncertainty of laser light limits the sensitivity of gravitational-wave observatories. Over the past 30 years, techniques for squeezing the quantum uncertainty, as well as for enhancing gravitational-wave signals with optical resonators have been invented. Resonators, however, have finite linewidths, and the high signal frequencies that are produced during the highly scientifically interesting ring-down of astrophysical compact-binary mergers still cannot be resolved. Here, we propose a purely optical approach for expanding the detection bandwidth. It uses quantum uncertainty squeezing inside one of the optical resonators, compensating for the finite resonators' linewidths while keeping the low-frequency sensitivity unchanged. This quantum expander is intended to enhance the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors, and we suggest the use of this new tool in other cavity-enhanced metrological experiments.
The observation of gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers offers insights into properties of extreme nuclear matter. However, their high-frequency signals in the kHz range are often masked by quantum noise of the laser light used. Here, we propose the ``quantum expander with coherent feedback,'' a new detector design that features an additional optical cavity in the detector output and an internal squeeze operation. This approach allows us to boost the sensitivity at high frequencies while at the same time providing a compact and tunable design for signal extraction. It also allows us to tailor the sensitivity of the detector to the specific signal frequency range. We demonstrate that our design can improve the sensitivity of the high-frequency detector concept NEMO, increasing the detection rates by around 14%. Our approach promises a new level of flexibility in designing the detectors aimed at high-frequency signals.
The dawn of gravitational-wave astronomy has begun in 2015 with the historic detection of a binary black hole merger. Several more detections followed in the years after. Among them, the detectors observed the inspiral of a neutron star binary. This merger was also observed in a broad spectrum of electromagnetic counterparts. This multi-messenger observation demonstrated that gravitational-wave astronomy is invaluable for understanding the Universe. Current detectors, however, are able to see only a small part of binaries’ inspirals. A typical signal from an inspiral of a binary neutron star appears in the detector at low frequencies a few minutes before the merger. During the inspiral, the frequency of the signal increases, faster for higher frequencies. It quickly passes through the detection band of the observatory. The merger itself and post-merger oscillations often remain inaccessible due to the reduced sensitivity of the detector to high-frequency signals. An increase in the low-frequency sensitivity will allow to detect signals significantly earlier, extracting more information about the binary. This will allow to precisely locate the source on the sky for the follow-up multi-messenger observations. An increase in the high-frequency sensitivity will give a possibility to observe the merger and post-merger signals, gaining insight into the physics of ultra-dense quantum matter. The limitations to the sensitivity arise from quantum nature of light used to sense the displacement of mirrors caused by gravitational waves. At low frequencies, quantum fluctuations in the amplitude of the light field cause random forces on the mirrors, which mask the signal from gravitational waves. At high frequencies, quantum fluctuations in the phase of the light field cause measurement noise on the detectors. The detectors use optical cavities to enhance the signal within the bandwidth of the cavities. At frequencies outside this bandwidth the signal is getting suppressed. Signals from the binary neutron star mergers typically have frequencies outside the detection bandwidth. In this thesis I study the fundamental limitations on the sensitivity of detectors, in the quest of a broadband observatory. I discuss a speedmeter approach to increasing the low-frequency sensitivity, and propose two ways of achieving it: with quantum-entangled light, and in a novel ring cavity topology of the detector, which I test experimentally. I further study the fundamental limits arising from the finite bandwidth of the cavities, and demonstrate experimentally how this limit can be overcome. I propose a concept of quantum expander that allows to increase the detection bandwidth by using quantum correlations, generated directly inside the detector’s cavities. I investigate, how quantum correlations, controlled by internal squeezing, can help to tailor the sensitivity of the detector for the optimal performance at selected frequencies. Finally, I show that, although the benefit from application of squeezed light in metrology is limited by quantum decoherence, its impact on the sensitivity can be reduced by exploiting quantum correlations created with internal squeezing. Quantum nature of light is a nuisance, which prevents us from seeing gravitational waves, but also a powerful tool, if properly applied. Quantum correlations hidden in the noise can be exploited for the benefit of the detectors, as I show in various scenarios throughout the thesis. Quantum noise can be tamed, and not only in gravitational-wave detectors. All cavity-enhanced quantum metrological experiments can use quantum noise and underlying correlations as the resource for tailoring their sensitivity. 2015 begann mit der erstmaligen Beobachtung der Verschmelzung zweier schwarzer Locher das Zeitalter der Gravitationswellenastronomie. In den darauffolgenden Jahren gab es viele weitere Detektionen. Unter anderem wurde das Gravitationswellensignal der Verschmelzung zweier Neutronensterne detektiert. Parallel zur Messung der Gravitationswellen wurde auch das elektromagnetische Spektrum dieses Ereignisses beobachtet. Diese Multi-Messenger Beobachtung hat gezeigt, dass Gravitationswellenastronomie wesentlich fur das Verstandnis des Universums ist. Aktuell kann jedoch nur eine kleine Zahl von astronomischen Ereignissen detektiert werden, denn die Signale sind typischerweise nur wenige Minuten vor der eigentlichen Verschmelzung messbar und haben dann sehr kleine Frequenzen. Solange sich die astronomischen Objekte umkreisen, erhoht sich die Signalfrequenz und zwar mit schneller werdender Rate hin zu hoheren Frequenzen. Auf diese Art und Weise durchlauft das Signal schnell das Detektionsband des Gravitationswellendetektors und die eigentliche Verschmelzung sowie darauffolgende Oszillationssignale konnen nicht beobachtet werden, weil die Sensitivitat der Detektoren bei den dafur notigen hoheren Frequenzen nicht ausreicht. Eine Erhohung der Sensitivitat bei kleinen Frequenzen wurde eine fruhere Detektion von Signalen ermoglichen, sodass mehr Informationen uber die astronomischen Objekte gewonnen werden konnen. Auserdem wurde die Signalquelle am Himmel prazise lokalisierbar, sodass Beobachtungen durch weitere Teleskope fruhzeitig beginnen konnten. Eine hohere Sensitivitat im hochfrequenten Bereich wurde es ermoglichen, auch die eigentliche Verschmelzung zu beobachten sowie Signale nach der Verschmelzung zu messen. Dadurch konnten neue Erkenntnisse zur Physik von ultradichter Quantenmaterie gewonnen werden. Limitiert wird die Sensitivitat, sowohl bei hohen als auch bei niedrigen Frequenzen, durch die Quanteneigenschaften des Laserlichts, welches genutzt wird, um die relativen Positionsanderungen von Spiegeln zu messen. Diese Anderungen werden durch Gravitationswellen hervorgerufen. Bei kleinen Frequenzen sorgt die Amplitudenunscharfe des Lichts fur Schwankungen des auf die Spiegel wirkenden Strahlungsdrucks, wodurch das Gravitationswellensignal uberdeckt wird. Bei hohen Frequenzen koppelt durch die Phasenunscharfe des Lichts Rauschen in die Detektoren ein. In die Detektoren sind auserdem optische Resonatoren integriert, welche das Messsignal innerhalb der Resonatorbandbreite verstarken. Signale auserhalb der Bandbreite werden unterdruckt. Gravitationswellensignale von sich umkreisenden Neutronensternen haben in der Regel Frequenzen auserhalb dieser Detektionsbandbreite. In dieser Arbeit befasse ich mich mit der Limitierung der Sensitivitat der Detektoren und zeige Wege auf, diese zu verbessern. Dafur diskutiere ich einen Detektor, welcher auf einer Geschwindigkeitsmessung basiert und zeige zwei Wege auf, um die Messgenauigkeit zu steigern: Zum einen mit quantenverschranktem Licht und zum anderen mit einem Umlaufresonator, also einer neuartigen Detektortopologie. Auserdem studiere ich die Sensitivitasbeschrankungen, welche durch die Resonatoren zur Signalverstarkung entstehen. Um diese Beschra nkungen zu reduzieren, schlage ich ein neuartiges Konzept vor, bei dem quantenkorreliertes Licht direkt in den Resonatoren erzeugt wird und so die Detektionsbandbreite erhoht. Ich untersuche, wie die durch internes squeezing kontrollierten Quantenkorrelationen dabei helfen konnen, die Empfindlichkeit des Detektors bei ausgewahlten Frequenzen zu optimieren. Dabei zeige ich, das der Einfluss von Dekoharenz auf durch Quetschlicht optimierte Sensitivitat durch die Nutzung von Quantenkorrelationen, die durch internes Squeezing erzeugt werden, reduziert werden kann. Die Quantennatur des Lichts stellt ein fundamentales Limit fur die Sensitivitat der Gravitationswellendetektoren dar und verhindert die Beobachtung schwacher Signale. Sie kann aber auch als nutzliches Werkzeug eingesetzt werden, um durch Quantenkorrelationen schwa chste, im Rauschen versteckte Signale, sichtbar zu machen. Dies zeige ich fur unterschiedliche Szenarien in dieser Arbeit. Nicht nur die Gravitationswellenastronomie kann von diesen Ansatzen profitieren. In allen Resonator gestutzten quantenmetrologischen Experimenten konnen Quantenkorrelationen genutzt werden, um die Messsensitivitat zu verbessern.
Quantum fluctuation of light limits the sensitivity of advanced laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. It is one of the principal obstacles on the way towards the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories. The envisioned significant improvement of the detector sensitivity requires using quantum non-demolition measurement and back-action evasion techniques, which allow us to circumvent the sensitivity limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In our previous review article (Danilishin and Khalili in Living Rev Relativ 15:5, 2012 ), we laid down the basic principles of quantum measurement theory and provided the framework for analysing the quantum noise of interferometers. The scope of this paper is to review novel techniques for quantum noise suppression proposed in the recent years and put them in the same framework. Our delineation of interferometry schemes and topologies is intended as an aid in the process of selecting the design for the next-generation gravitational-wave observatories.
The current generation of gravitational wave laser interferometer detectors operate at the sensitivity limit imposed by quantum uncertainty of photon amplitude and phase quadratures. Heisenberg's principle dictates that the product of amplitude and phase uncertainty must be above a certain value, but apart from that we can still manipulate either quadrature to achieve quantum noise reduction, since the effect of amplitude and phase uncertainty is frequency dependent in gravitational wave detectors. This is the crux of the frequency dependent squeezing technique, which reduces quantum amplitude uncertainty at low frequency and quantum phase uncertainty at high frequency, where these respective quadratures each dominate. Thus, we can reduce quantum noise across the entire detection band. However, this technique is extremely sensitive to optical losses at all parts of the squeezing generation chain, and so far only a low degree of broadband squeezing has been observed. This proceeding outlines the current status of squeezing research at the former TAMA300 gravitational wave detector at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, where we aim to improve the level of achievable broadband squeezing. An update is also given regarding design and noise of squeezed injection for the underground gravitational wave detector KAGRA located in Gifu, Japan.
A fundamental noise source limiting the measurement sensitivity of interferometric gravitational wave (GW) observatories is the light's quantum noise. While the sensitivity of the first observatory generation was limited by the shot noise at Fourier frequencies above several hundred hertz, the future observatory generations are expected to be limited by quantum noise also in their low-frequency detection band. Squeezed states of the light field allow for improving the sensitivity at all quantum-noise-limited frequencies. Recently, a squeezing-reduced shot noise of the GW observatory GEO 600 was demonstrated. Based on this success, the Einstein Telescope design study proposes squeezed-light injection to reduce shot noise as well as quantum radiation pressure noise by a factor of ten in power, i.e. by 10 dB. This contribution summarizes the current state of the art in the field of squeezed-light generation for gravitational wave astronomy and the prospects for the intermediate future.
This paper explores the theoretical potential of utilizing quantum entanglement, specifically through the generation and application of squeezed states of light, to enhance the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors. We delve into the fundamental limitations imposed by quantum noise in conventional interferometric detectors and investigate how the injection of squeezed states can circumvent these limitations. We present a detailed theoretical framework for implementing squeezed light in advanced gravitational wave observatories and analyze the expected improvements in signal-to-noise ratio. The analysis includes a rigorous treatment of the quantum mechanical interactions within the interferometer, considering realistic experimental imperfections. Our findings suggest that the strategic deployment of quantum entanglement offers a promising pathway towards significantly improving the detection capabilities of future gravitational wave detectors, opening new avenues for exploring the universe.