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arXiv:1902.04680 · Nature Communications

Quantum engineered Kondo lattices

Jeremy Figgins, Laila S. Mattos, Warren Mar, Yi-Ting Chen, Hari C. Manoharan, Dirk K. Morr

Published Dec 6, 2019• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Atomic manipulation techniques have provided a bottom-up approach to investigating the unconventional properties and complex phases of strongly correlated electron materials. By engineering artificial systems containing tens to thousands of atoms with tailored electronic or magnetic properties, it has become possible to explore how quantum many-body effects emerge as the size of a system is increased from the nanoscale to the mesoscale. Here we investigate both theoretically and experimentally the quantum engineering of nanoscale Kondo lattices - Kondo droplets - exemplifying nanoscopic replicas of heavy-fermion materials. We demonstrate that by changing a droplet's real-space geometry, we can not only create coherently coupled Kondo droplets whose properties asymptotically approach those of a quantum-coherent Kondo lattice, but also markedly increase or decrease the droplet's Kondo temperature. Furthermore we report on the discovery of a new quantum phenomenon - the Kondo echo - a signature of droplets containing Kondo holes functioning as direct probes of spatially extended, quantum-coherent Kondo cloud correlations.

DOI
10.1038/s41467-019-13446-1

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Atomic manipulation techniques have provided a bottom-up approach to investigating the unconventional properties and complex phases of strongly correlated electron materials. By engineering artificial systems containing tens to thousands of atoms with tailored electronic or magnetic properties, it has become possible to explore how quantum many-body effects emerge as the size of a system is increased from the nanoscale to the mesoscale. Here we investigate both theoretically and experimentally the quantum engineering of nanoscale Kondo lattices - Kondo droplets - exemplifying nanoscopic replicas of heavy-fermion materials. We demonstrate that by changing a droplet's real-space geometry, we can not only create coherently coupled Kondo droplets whose properties asymptotically approach those of a quantum-coherent Kondo lattice, but also markedly increase or decrease the droplet's Kondo temperature. Furthermore we report on the discovery of a new quantum phenomenon - the Kondo echo - a signature of droplets containing Kondo holes functioning as direct probes of spatially extended, quantum-coherent Kondo cloud correlations.
Abstract Atomic manipulation techniques have provided a bottom-up approach to investigating the unconventional properties and complex phases of strongly correlated electron materials. By engineering artificial systems containing tens to thousands of atoms with tailored electronic or magnetic properties, it has become possible to explore how quantum many-body effects emerge as the size of a system is increased from the nanoscale to the mesoscale. Here we investigate both theoretically and experimentally the quantum engineering of nanoscale Kondo lattices – Kondo droplets – exemplifying nanoscopic replicas of heavy-fermion materials. We demonstrate that by changing a droplet’s real-space geometry, we can not only create coherently coupled Kondo droplets whose properties asymptotically approach those of a quantum-coherent Kondo lattice, but also markedly increase or decrease the droplet’s Kondo temperature. Furthermore we report on the discovery of a new quantum phenomenon – the Kondo echo – a signature of droplets containing Kondo holes functioning as direct probes of spatially extended, quantum-coherent Kondo cloud correlations.
Quantum entanglement permeates the complex ground states of correlated electron materials defying single-particle descriptions. Coupled magnetic atoms have potential as model systems for entanglement in condensed matter giving the opportunity to create artificial many-body states which can be controlled by tuning the underlying interactions. They provide an avenue to unravel the complexities of correlated-electron materials. Here we use low temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic manipulation to tune entanglement in chains of magnetic atoms. We find that a Kondo singlet state can emerge from this entanglement. The many electron Kondo state is based on the screening of the entangled spin ground state of the chain by substrate electrons and can be engineered to envelop at least ten magnetic atoms. The concomitant Kondo resonance measured in the differential conductance enables the electric read-out of entanglement. By tuning composition and coupling strength within atomic chains it is possible to create model spin chains with defined entanglement. This lays the foundation for a new class of experiments to construct exotic correlated-electron materials atom by atom.
Connecting single-layer ttt-JJJ to Kondo lattice models: Exploration with cold atoms
The Kondo effect, a hallmark of many-body physics, emerges from the antiferromagnetic coupling between localized spins and conduction fermions, leading to a correlated many-body singlet state. Here we propose to use the mixed-dimensional (mixD) bilayer Hubbard geometry as a platform to study Kondo lattice physics with current ultracold atom experiments. At experimentally feasible temperatures, we predict that key features of the Kondo effect can be observed, including formation of the Kondo cloud around a single impurity and the competition of singlet formation with Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interactions for multiple impurities, summarized in the Doniach phase diagram. Moreover, we show that the mixD platform provides a natural bridge between the Doniach phase diagram of the Kondo lattice model, relevant to heavy-fermion materials, and the phase diagram of cuprate superconductors as described by a single-layer Zhang-Rice type ttt-JJJ model: It is possible to continuously tune between the two regimes by changing the interlayer Kondo coupling. Our findings demonstrate that the direct connection between high-temperature superconductivity and heavy-fermion physics can be experimentally studied using currently available quantum simulation platforms.
Topological phases of matter provide a flexible platform to engineer unconventional quantum excitations in quantum materials. Beyond single particle topological matter, in systems with strong quantum many-body correlations, many-body effects can be the driving force for non-trivial topology. Here, we propose a one-dimensional engineered Kondo lattice where the emergence of topological excitations is driven by collective many-body Kondo physics. We first show the existence of topological zero modes in this system by solving the interacting model with tensor networks, and demonstrate their robustness against disorder. To unveil the origin of the topological zero modes, we analyze the associated periodic Anderson model showing that it can be mapped to a topological non-Hermitian model, enabling rationalizing the origin of the topological zero modes. We finally show that the topological invariant of the many-body Kondo lattice can be computed with a correlation matrix pumping method directly with the exact quantum many-body wave function. Our results provide a strategy to engineer topological Kondo insulators, highlighting quantum magnetism as a driving force in engineering topological matter.
Quantitative analysis of quantum many-body systems, consisting of numerous itinerant electrons that interact with localized spins or electrons, is a long-standing issue. The Kondo cloud, a quantum many-body object of conduction electrons that screens a single localized spin, is the building block of such strongly correlated electronic systems. While quantitative analysis of the Kondo cloud associated with a single magnetic impurity is well established for uniform conduction electrons, the fundamental properties of a deformed Kondo cloud influenced by conduction electrons with a modulated density of states remain unsolved. Here we report engineering of the Kondo cloud deformation by confining a part of the cloud into a quantum box called the Kondo box that mimics realistic material systems. We demonstrate quantitative control of the Kondo cloud by developing a way of tuning quantum interference in the box and monitoring the Kondo entanglement. The temperature dependence of the entanglement reveals counterintuitively that the cloud shape is altered mainly outside the box although the quantum interference in the box is tuned. Our work provides a way to simulate various strongly correlated systems by integrating the Kondo cloud, which is not possible in the current theoretical framework.
Heavy-fermion or Kondo lattice materials are considered to be typical strongly correlated systems, for which mean-field approximations have shown that the Coulomb interaction increases the effective mass and narrows the band gap. In this paper, to clarify interaction effects on the electronic excitation, the spectral function of the Kondo lattice and periodic Anderson models is studied around Kondo insulators in the strong-coupling regime, by using the non-Abelian dynamical density-matrix renormalization group method and perturbation theory. Upon doping a Kondo insulator, an electronic mode emerges in the Kondo insulating gap, exhibiting the momentum-shifted magnetic dispersion relation. Although the ground-state properties are similar to those of a doped band insulator, the emergence of the electronic mode reflecting spin-charge separation of the Kondo insulator is a crucial interaction effect that allows us to regard the Kondo-insulator--metal transition as a type of Mott transition. In addition, electronic modes emerge even in the high-energy regime by doping in the periodic Anderson model. These strong-correlation effects have not been expected in conventional mean-field approximations and would bring a different perspective on heavy-fermion or Kondo lattice systems.