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arXiv:1901.10295 · Physical Review Applied

Time-Domain Grating with a Periodically Driven Qutrit

Yingying Han, Xiao‐Qing Luo, Tiefu Li, Wenxian Zhang, Shuai-Peng Wang, Jaw-Shen Tsai, Franco Nori, J. Q. You

Published Jan 28, 2019• 29 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum coherence can be manifested in the time domain as quantum interference and diffraction, in analogy to optical interference and diffraction in real space, but time-domain diffraction has not received much attention. This work harnesses a superconducting qutrit (three-level system) under periodically modulated microwave fields to demonstrate diffraction in the time domain, revealing that the widths of the diffraction fringes are independent of the control-field power. These findings may see application in quantum gate operations in the strong-driving regime of superconducting quantum information hardware.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.11.014053

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Quantum coherence can be manifested in the time domain as quantum interference and diffraction, in analogy to optical interference and diffraction in real space, but time-domain diffraction has not received much attention. This work harnesses a superconducting qutrit (three-level system) under periodically modulated microwave fields to demonstrate diffraction in the time domain, revealing that the widths of the diffraction fringes are independent of the control-field power. These findings may see application in quantum gate operations in the strong-driving regime of superconducting quantum information hardware.
Compared to a qubit, a qutrit (a three-level or three-state quantum system) possesses a larger Hilbert space to process and store quantum information. On the other hand, large-scale qutrit-based hybrid quantum computing usually requires performing hybrid multi-qutrit quantum gates with diverse qutrits, different in their nature or in their encoding format. In this work, we consider two types of qutrits, i.e., superconducting (SC) qutrits and cat-state qutrits. We propose to implement a hybrid controlled-SUM gate with one SC qutrit simultaneously controlling multiple-target cat-state qutrits. The gate is implemented in a circuit-QED system, which is composed of an SC ququart and multiple microwave cavities. The SC ququart here refers to a four-level quantum system, with the three lowest levels forming a qutrit and an auxiliary higher energy level utilized for the coherent state manipulation. The gate implementation does not require applying a classical pulse. Because the auxiliary higher energy level of the SC ququart is only virtually excited during the gate operation, decoherence from this level is greatly suppressed. The gate is deterministic, as it requires no measurement of the cavity or SC ququart states. Moreover, the gate operational time is independent of the number of qutrits, thus it does not increase with the number of qutrits. As an application of this gate, we further discuss the generation of a hybrid maximally entangled state of one SC qutrit and multiple cat-state qutrits. We also numerically analyze the experimental feasibility of creating the hybrid entangled state of one SC qutrit and two cat-state qutrits in a circuit QED system. This proposal may be extended to accomplish the same task in other physical systems, such as a four-level artificial atom (e.g., a quantum dot, an NV center, a magnon, etc.) coupled to multiple optical or microwave cavities.
Frequency combs represent exceptionally precise measurement tools due to the coherence of their spectral lines. While optical frequency comb sources constitute a well-established technology, superconducting circuits provide a relatively unexplored on-chip platform for low-dissipation comb emitters able to span from gigahertz to terahertz frequencies. We demonstrate coherent microwave frequency comb generation by leveraging the ac Josephson effect in a superconducting quantum interference device. A time-dependent magnetic drive periodically generates voltage pulses, which in the frequency domain correspond to a comb with dozens of spectral modes here reported up to mode 46. The emitted power at the device level ranges from -170 dBm to -130 dBm per harmonic, corresponding to 40 dB dynamic range in the 4-8 GHz bandwidth. The micrometer-scale footprint and minimal dissipation inherent to superconducting systems foster the integration of our comb generator with advanced cryogenic electronics. Transferring optical techniques to the solid-state domain may enable new applications in quantum technologies.
We realize the dark state in a three-dimensional transmon superconducting qutrit that consists of three cascading energy levels: |0⟩, |1⟩, and |2⟩. When the system is simultaneously driven with two tone microwaves on resonance with |0⟩, |1⟩ and |1⟩, |2⟩, respectively, it is found that the state of the system will generally evolve in time domain. However, the qutrit state is frozen-out if it is initialized in a dark state for corresponding drive amplitudes. We observe this freeze-out phenomenon by changing the amplitude of the microwaves while fixing the initial state or vice versa.
Abstract We have proposed a new model for controlling the electromagnetically induced grating in a three-level closed-loop quantum system. The quantum system interacts with three-laser fields which one of them is the weak probe light and two of them are strong driving and coupling laser fields. These two strong laser fields have standing wave (SW) patterns in two x and y directions. This makes that the absorption and dispersion properties of the media change periodically which leads to diffraction of the transmitted light. We have shown that because of the closed-loop configuration of the quantum system the relative phase between applied lights can affect the diffraction grating pattern of the transmitted light. We have also discussed the Rabi-frequency effect of the driving and coupling lights on the different orders of the grating. We have shown that our proposed model may be used as a new tool for developing the future quantum information processing devices.
Parametric frequency modulation is a standard tool in superconducting circuits for activating tunable interactions and implementing quantum gates. Here, we engineer dissipation in a flux-tunable transmon qubit by using sideband modulation to bring it into resonance with a lossy resonator, opening an on-demand Purcell decay channel. We find that pulsing this channel on and off does not simply lower the time-averaged decay rate; instead, it reorganizes the dissipation spectrum into a structured interference pattern. A Chebyshev-propagator model for the repeated on/off block reproduces the measured spectra and reveals a close structural correspondence to N-slit Fraunhofer diffraction, with each on-window acting as a temporal aperture. By varying the pulse duration and duty cycle, we demonstrate control over the spacing, contrast, and envelope of the dissipation spectrum. These results establish pulsed parametric modulation as a direct method for shaping engineered dissipation in superconducting circuits and provide a new control knob for open quantum system dynamics.
Compared with a qubit, a qudit (i.e., a ddd-level or ddd-state quantum system) provides a larger Hilbert space to store and process information. On the other hand, qudit-based hybrid quantum computing usually requires performing hybrid quantum gates with qudits that are different in their nature or in their encoding format. In this work, we consider the qutrit case, i.e., the case for a qudit with d=3d=3d=3. We propose a simple method to realize a hybrid quantum controlled-sum gate with one superconducting (SC) qutrit and a cat-state qutrit. This gate plus single-qutrit gates form a universal set of ternary logic gates for quantum computing with qutrits. Our proposal is based on circuit QED and operates essentially by employing a SC ququart (a four-level quantum system) dispersively coupled to a microwave cavity. The gate implementation is quite simple because it only requires a single basic operation. Neither classical pulse nor measurement is needed. The auxiliary higher energy level of the SC ququart is virtually excited during the gate operation, thus decoherence from this level is greatly suppressed. As an application of this gate, we discuss the generation of a hybrid maximally entangled state of one SC qutrit and one cat-state qutrit. We further analyze the experimental feasibility of creating such a hybrid entangled state in circuit QED. This proposal is quite general and can be extended to accomplish the same task in a wide range of physical system, such as a four-level natural or artificial atom coupled to an optical or microwave cavity.