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arXiv:1901.06489 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Real-time Ramsey interferometry in fractional quantum Hall states

Tal Goren, Karyn Le Hur

Published Apr 15, 2019• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the time-dependent dynamical phase of fractional quasiparticles in quantum Hall states using Ramsey interferometry. A Ramsey two-pulse voltage modulation generates an interference term in the current noise of a quantum point contact oscillating with the dynamical phase. We show that the interference pattern probes the Green's function of the fractional quasiparticles in the time domain and reveals the fractional charge. We address both the case of a pointlike tunnel junction and the case of momentum-resolved tunneling which also provides information on the speed of those quasiparticles propagating along the edge. For the $5/2$ fractional quantum Hall case, the Ramsey signal can reveal the charge $e/4$ and differentiate between Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.99.161109

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We study the time-dependent dynamical phase of fractional quasiparticles in quantum Hall states using Ramsey interferometry. A Ramsey two-pulse voltage modulation generates an interference term in the current noise of a quantum point contact oscillating with the dynamical phase. We show that the interference pattern probes the Green's function of the fractional quasiparticles in the time domain and reveals the fractional charge. We address both the case of a pointlike tunnel junction and the case of momentum-resolved tunneling which also provides information on the speed of those quasiparticles propagating along the edge. For the 5/25/25/2 fractional quantum Hall case, the Ramsey signal can reveal the charge e/4e/4e/4 and differentiate between Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian states.
Fractional quantum Hall quasiparticles are generally characterized by two quantum numbers: electric charge QQQ and scaling dimension $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$. For the simplest states (such as the Laughlin series), the scaling dimension determines the anyonic statistics of the quasiparticle (the statistical phase $\ensuremath{\theta}=2\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$). For more complicated states (featuring counterpropagating modes or non-Abelian statistics), knowing the scaling dimension is not enough to extract the quasiparticle statistics. Nevertheless, even in those cases, knowing the scaling dimension facilitates distinguishing different candidate theories for describing the quantum Hall state at a particular filling (such as PH-Pfaffian and anti-Pfaffian at $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{5}{2}$). Here, we propose a scheme for extracting the scaling dimension of quantum Hall quasiparticles from thermal tunneling noise produced at a quantum point contact. Our scheme makes only minimal assumptions about the edge structure and features the level of robustness, simplicity, and model independence comparable with extracting the quasiparticle charge from tunneling shot noise.
In fractional quantum Hall systems, quasiparticles of fractional charge can tunnel between the edges at a quantum point contact. Such tunneling (or backscattering) processes contribute to charge transport and provide information on both the charge and statistics of the quasiparticles involved. Here, we study quasiparticle tunneling in the Moore-Read state, in which quasiparticles of charges e/4e/4e/4 (non-Abelian) and e/2e/2e/2 (Abelian) may coexist and both contribute to edge transport. On a disk geometry, we calculate the matrix elements for e/2e/2e/2 and e/4e/4e/4 quasiholes to tunnel through the bulk of the Moore-Read state, in an attempt to understand their relative importance. We find that the tunneling amplitude for charge e/2e/2e/2 quasihole is exponentially smaller than that for charge e/4e/4e/4 quasihole, and the ratio between them can be (partially) attributed to their charge difference. We find that including long-range Coulomb interaction only has a weak effect on the ratio. We discuss briefly the relevance of these results to recent tunneling and interferometry experiments at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$.
We present a comprehensive numerical study of a microscopic model of the fractional quantum Hall system at filling fraction $\ensuremath{\nu}=5∕2$, based on the disk geometry. Our model includes Coulomb interaction and a semirealistic confining potential. We also mix in a three-body interaction in some cases to help elucidate the physics. We obtain a phase diagram, discuss the conditions under which the ground state can be described by the Moore-Read state, and study its competition with neighboring stripe phases. We also study quasihole excitations and edge excitations in the Moore-Read-like state. From the evolution of the edge spectrum, we obtain the velocities of the charge and neutral edge modes, which turn out to be very different. This separation of velocities is a source of decoherence for a non-Abelian quasihole and/or quasiparticle (with charge $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}e∕4$) when propagating at the edge; using numbers obtained from a specific set of parameters, we estimate the decoherence length to be around $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. This sets an upper bound for the separation of the two point contacts in a double point-contact interferometer, designed to detect the non-Abelian nature of such quasiparticles. We also find a state that is a potential candidate for the recently proposed anti-Pfaffian state. We find the speculated anti-Pfaffian state is favored in weak confinement (smooth edge), while the Moore-Read Pfaffian state is favored in strong confinement (sharp edge).
An upstream neutral mode can influence quasiparticle tunneling even when electric charge propagates only downstream. We propose a three-path fractional quantum Hall interferometer that probes this directional structure through the flux dependence of average terminal currents. Interference between direct and two-step tunneling first contributes at cubic order in the tunneling amplitudes of three weak quantum point contacts. In the local theory, equal drain voltages separate the downstream and upstream responses: for a purely downstream tunneling excitation, the cubic fundamental Aharonov-Bohm harmonic vanishes at one drain, while the other remains bright. Averaging measurements with exchanged unequal drain voltages extends this separation to a configuration in which all contacts are biased. It requires independent calibration of the electrostatic phase shift and fixed or known tunneling magnitudes. For a selected Abelian excitation with two-point correlation exponent 0<Δℓ<10<Δ_{\boldsymbol{\ell}}<10<Δℓ​<1, the common low-temperature bias power and directional amplitude ratio determine its scaling dimension and principal exchange angle. We also show that a weak static density interaction spanning two tunneling points can activate the dark harmonic without adding an upstream mode. In the high-bias static limit, the first-order Laughlin activated amplitude scales as E2ν−1E^{2ν-1}E2ν−1, where EEE is the source-drain bias energy and ννν is the filling factor. In the weak localized single-mode infrared regime, the bright harmonic retains its leading scaling and can serve as a reference in the same device. The calculation assumes one coherent tunneling species and common-temperature edge correlations with unresolved propagation times.
We propose a method to extract the mutual exchange statistics of the anyonic excitations of a general Abelian fractional quantum Hall state, by comparing the tunneling characteristics of a quantum point contact in two different experimental conditions. In the first, the tunneling current between two edges at different chemical potentials is measured. In the second, one of these edges is strongly diluted by an earlier point contact. We describe the case of the dilute beam in terms of a time-domain interferometer between the anyons flowing along the edge and quasiparticle-quasihole excitations created at the tunneling quantum point contact. In both cases, temperature is kept large, such that the measured current is given to linear response. Remarkably, our proposal does not require the measurement of current correlations, and allows us to carefully separate effects of the fractional charge and statistics from effects of intra- and interedge interactions.
The elementary low energy excitations in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) regime are known to be fractionally charged quasiparticles and quasiholes. This work focusses on quasiholes in a finite system of a few electrons treated by exact numerical diagonalization. Recent experimental [Chung et al., PRB 67, 201104 (2003)] and theoretical [Kane, Fisher, PRB 67, 045307 (2003)] work on quantum point contacts in the FQH regime showed strong evidence for single quasiparticle tunneling to be forbidden at low temperature. We want to gain insight into such constricted FQH systems by a numerical approach. Initially the basics of numerically treating a system in rectangular geometry and procedures to insert a quasihole excitation are presented. The excitations' stability and fractional charge is confirmed for different interactions. The question of quasihole tunneling is approached in two different systems: 1. A system posessing bound, localized states of a quasihole shows evidence for tunnel coupling between these states to exist. 2. Different potential forms to model a quantum point contact are investigated and the injection of a single quasihole near the constriction is surveyed in the system's time evolution.