Abstract The task of testing whether quantum theory applies to all physical systems and all scales requires considering situations where a quantum probe interacts with another system that need not obey quantum theory in full. Important examples include the cases where a quantum mass probes the gravitational field, for which a unique quantum theory of gravity does not yet exist, or a quantum field, such as light, interacts with a macroscopic system, such as a biological molecule, which may or may not obey unitary quantum theory. In this context a class of experiments has recently been proposed, where the non-classicality of a physical system that need not obey quantum theory (the gravitational field) can be tested indirectly by detecting whether or not the system is capable of entangling two quantum probes. Here we illustrate some of the subtleties of the argument, to do with the role of locality of interactions and of non-classicality, and perform proof-of-principle experiments illustrating the logic of the proposals, using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computational platform with four qubits.
Abstract The task of testing whether quantum theory applies to all physical systems and all scales requires considering situations where a quantum probe interacts with another system that need not obey quantum theory in full. Important examples include the cases where a quantum mass probes the gravitational field, for which a unique quantum theory of gravity does not yet exist, or a quantum field, such as light, interacts with a macroscopic system, such as a biological molecule, which may or may not obey unitary quantum theory. In this context a class of experiments has recently been proposed, where the non-classicality of a physical system that need not obey quantum theory (the gravitational field) can be tested indirectly by detecting whether or not the system is capable of entangling two quantum probes. Here we illustrate some of the subtleties of the argument, to do with the role of locality of interactions and of non-classicality, and perform proof-of-principle experiments illustrating the logic of the proposals, using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computational platform with four qubits.
The universality of quantum theory has been questioned ever since it was proposed. Key to this long-unsolved question is to test whether a given physical system has non-classical features. Here we connect recently proposed witnesses of non-classicality, based on information-theoretic ideas, with the theory of temporal entanglement. We provide a protocol to witness the non-classicality of a system by probing it with a qubit: we show that, assuming a general conservation law, violating temporal Bell inequalities on the qubit probe implies the non-classicality of the system under investigation. We also perform proof-of-principle experimental emulations of the proposed witness of non-classicality, using a three qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computer. Our result is robust, as it relies on minimal assumptions, and remarkably it can be applied in a broad range of contexts, from quantum biology to quantum gravity.
Quantum theory is one of the most successful theories in modern physics. It has been extensively tested in the microscopic domain, always with remarkable success. Yet, these tests do not currently extend in a conclusive way to all physical systems and across all scales. This leaves open the question of whether quantum theory provides a truly universal description of reality, especially in regimes where direct experimental access is limited, such as the gravitational field or complex macroscopic biological systems. This Thesis addresses this question through the study of hybrid systems, where a well-controlled quantum sector interacts with an unknown sector whose underlying description may or may not be quantum. It contributes to the emerging framework of information-theoretical witnesses of non-classicality, where the quantum sector is used as a probe to test the nature of the unknown system under minimal assumptions. We first examine spatial entanglement-based witnesses, in which the ability of an unknown system to mediate entanglement between two quantum probes by local means provides a sufficient condition for its non-classicality. We extend this framework by quantitatively showing that locally mediated quantum correlations lower bound the non-commutativity of the observables of the mediator, within quantum theory. We then introduce a novel class of single-probe temporal witnesses, where non-classicality is inferred from the temporal evolution of a probe under a global conservation law. We prove that quantum coherent evolution under such a constraint can only be mediated by a non-classical system, and propose an application to light-harvesting processes in photosynthetic complexes. Finally, we develop a temporal entanglement-based witness. Here, the sufficient condition for the non-classicality of the unknown system is the ability to mediate temporal entanglement relative to the probe's local conserved quantity and a non-commuting observable. This result provides a temporal extension of the spatial entanglement-based witness, representing a promising route for the development of the next generation of tests to probe the universality of quantum theory in previously inaccessible fields such as gravity and biology.
Abstract A central problem in fundamental physics is to witness the non-classicality of systems whose dynamics is not completely specified. For example, this arises in testing predictions that a macroscopic system, such as a living system, obeys quantum theory. Notoriously, also, it has been claimed that witnessing non-classicality in the gravitational field is practically impossible. Here, we propose a thought experiment that witnesses the non-classicality of a physical system by probing it with a qubit, without having to assume any specific dynamics on the physical system. Remarkably, this experiment does not require any quantum control of the system, involving only measuring a single classical observable on it. That non-classicality of a system can be established indirectly, by coupling it to a qubit, opens up exciting possibilities, for example, that quantum gravitational effects might be witnessed in the lab.
Abstract A general entanglement-based witness of non-classicality has recently been proposed, which can be applied to testing quantum effects in gravity. This witness is based on generating entanglement between two quantum probes via a mediator. In this paper we provide a ‘temporal’ variant of this witness, using a single quantum probe to assess the non-classicality of the mediator. Within the formalism of quantum theory, we show that if a system M is capable of inducing a coherent dynamical evolution of a quantum system Q, in the presence of a conservation law, then M must be non-classical. This argument supports witnesses of non-classicality relying on a single quantum probe, which can be applied to a number of open issues, notably in quantum gravity or quantum biology.
We propose a general argument to show that if a physical system can mediate locally the generation of entanglement between two quantum systems, then it itself must be nonclassical. Remarkably, we do not assume any classical or quantum formalism to describe the mediating physical system: our result follows from general information-theoretic principles, drawn from the recently proposed constructor theory of information. This argument provides a broader theoretical basis for recently proposed tests of nonclassicality in gravity, based on witnessing gravitationally induced entanglement in quantum probes, making them applicable in the context where quantum theory may not apply.
Recently, Vedral and one of us proposed an entanglement-based witness of non-classicality in systems that need not obey quantum theory, based on information-theoretic ideas [ 1 , 3 ], which offers a robust foundation for newly proposed table-top tests of non-classicality in gravity, [ 2 , 3 ]. The witness asserts that if a mediator can entangle locally two quantum systems, then it has to be non-classical. Hall and Reginatto [ 4 , 7 ] claimed that there are classical systems that can entangle two quantum systems, thus violating our proposed witness. Here we refute that claim, explaining that the counterexample proposed by Hall and Reginatto in fact validates the witness, vindicating the witness of non-classicality in its full generality.