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arXiv:1812.08483 · APL Photonics

Integrated transition edge sensors on titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides

Jan Philipp Höpker, Thomas Gerrits, Adriana E. Lita, Stephan Krapick, Harald Herrmann, Raimund Ricken, Viktor Quiring, Richard P. Mirin, Sae Woo Nam, Christine Silberhorn, Tim J. Bartley

Published May 1, 2019• 49 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We show the proof-of-principle detection of light at 1550 nm coupled evanescently from a titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguide to a superconducting transition edge sensor. The coupling efficiency strongly depends on the polarization, the overlap between the evanescent field, and the detector structure. We experimentally demonstrate polarization sensitivity of this coupling as well as photon-number resolution of the integrated detector. The combination of transition edge sensors and lithium niobate waveguides can open the field for a variety of new quantum optics experiments.

DOI
10.1063/1.5086276

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We show the proof-of-principle detection of light at 1550 nm coupled evanescently from a titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguide to a superconducting transition edge sensor. The coupling efficiency strongly depends on the polarization, the overlap between the evanescent field, and the detector structure. We experimentally demonstrate polarization sensitivity of this coupling as well as photon-number resolution of the integrated detector. The combination of transition edge sensors and lithium niobate waveguides can open the field for a variety of new quantum optics experiments.
Abstract We demonstrate the integration of amorphous tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. We show proof-of-principle detection of evanescently coupled photons of 1550 nm wavelength using bidirectional waveguide coupling for two orthogonal polarization directions. We investigate the internal detection efficiency as well as detector absorption using coupling-independent characterization measurements. Furthermore, we describe strategies to improve the yield and efficiency of these devices.
Superconducting detectors are now well-established tools for low-light optics, and in particular quantum optics, boasting high-eciency, fast response and low noise. Similarly, lithium niobate is an important platform for integrated optics given its high second-order nonlinearity, used for high-speed electro-optic modulation and polarization conversion, as well as frequency conversion and sources of quantum light. Combining these technologies addresses the requirements for a single platform capable of generating, manipulating and measuring quantum light in many degrees of freedom, in a compact and potentially scalable manner. We will report on progress integrating tungsten transition-edge sensors (TESs) and amorphous tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) on titanium in-di‚used lithium niobate waveguides. ‘e travelling-wave design couples the evanescent €eld from the waveguides into the superconducting absorber. We will report on simulations and measurements of the absorption, which we can characterize at room temperature prior to cooling down the devices. Independently, we show how the detectors respond to ƒood illumination, normally incident on the devices, demonstrating their functionality.
Titanium in-diffused waveguides in lithium niobate is a promising integration platform for building devices for quantum communication, due to its low-loss propagation, high-efficiency coupling to telecom fiber, high second order nonlinearity and electro-optic coefficient. Over recent years we have been investigating the integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) in this platform, together with the Integrated Quantum Optics group at Paderborn University and colleagues at NIST Boulder. I will report on the proof-of-principle demonstrations of functional devices, as well as discuss our progress to improve the efficiency and yield of on-chip detectors.
We have realized a high-detection-efficiency photon number resolving detector at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm. The detector consists of a titanium superconducting transition edge sensor in an optical cavity, which is directly coupled to an optical fiber using an approximately 300-nm gap. The gap reduces the sensitive area and heat capacity of the device, leading to high photon number resolution of 0.42 eV without sacrificing detection efficiency or signal response speed. Wavelength dependent efficiency in fiber-coupled devices, which is due to optical interference between the fiber and the device, is also decreased to less than 1% in this configuration. The overall system detection efficiency is 98%±1% at wavelengths of around 850 nm, which is the highest value ever reported in this wavelength range.