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arXiv:1812.05977 · Physical Review A

Interference, spectral momentum correlations, entanglement, and Bell inequality for a trapped interacting ultracold atomic dimer: Analogies with biphoton interferometry

Constantine Yannouleas, Benedikt B. Brandt, Uzi Landman

Published Jan 18, 2019• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Aiming at elucidating similarities and differences between quantum-optics biphoton interference phenomena and the quantum physics of quasi-one-dimensional double-well optically trapped ultracold neutral bosonic or fermionic atoms, we show that the analog of the optical biphoton joint-coincidence spectral correlations, studied with massless noninteracting biphotons emanating from Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Bell-Bohm single-occupancy sources, corresponds to a distinct contribution in the total second-order momentum correlations of the massive, interacting, and time-evolving ultracold atoms. This single-occupancy contribution can be extracted from the total second-order momentum correlation function measured in time-of-flight experiments, which for the trapped atomic system contains, in general, a double-occupancy, NOON component. The dynamics of the two-particle system are modeled by a Hubbard Hamiltonian. The general form of this partial coincidence spectrum is a cosine-square quantum beating dependent on the difference of the momenta of the two particles, while the corresponding coincidence probability proper, familiar from its role in describing the Hong-Ou-Mandel coincidence dip of overlapping photons, results from an integration over the particle momenta. Because the second-order momentum correlations are mirrored in the time-of-flight spectra in space, our theoretical findings provide impetus for time-of-flight experimental protocols for emulating with (massive) ultracold atoms venerable optical interferometries that use two space-time separated and entangled (massless) photons or double-slit optical sources. The implementation of such developments will facilitate testing of fundamental aspects and enable applications of quantum physics with trapped massive ultracold atoms, that is, investigations of nonlocality and violation of Bell inequalities, entanglement, and quantum information science.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.013616

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Aiming at elucidating similarities and differences between quantum-optics biphoton interference phenomena and the quantum physics of quasi-one-dimensional double-well optically trapped ultracold neutral bosonic or fermionic atoms, we show that the analog of the optical biphoton joint-coincidence spectral correlations, studied with massless noninteracting biphotons emanating from Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Bell-Bohm single-occupancy sources, corresponds to a distinct contribution in the total second-order momentum correlations of the massive, interacting, and time-evolving ultracold atoms. This single-occupancy contribution can be extracted from the total second-order momentum correlation function measured in time-of-flight experiments, which for the trapped atomic system contains, in general, a double-occupancy, NOON component. The dynamics of the two-particle system are modeled by a Hubbard Hamiltonian. The general form of this partial coincidence spectrum is a cosine-square quantum beating dependent on the difference of the momenta of the two particles, while the corresponding coincidence probability proper, familiar from its role in describing the Hong-Ou-Mandel coincidence dip of overlapping photons, results from an integration over the particle momenta. Because the second-order momentum correlations are mirrored in the time-of-flight spectra in space, our theoretical findings provide impetus for time-of-flight experimental protocols for emulating with (massive) ultracold atoms venerable optical interferometries that use two space-time separated and entangled (massless) photons or double-slit optical sources. The implementation of such developments will facilitate testing of fundamental aspects and enable applications of quantum physics with trapped massive ultracold atoms, that is, investigations of nonlocality and violation of Bell inequalities, entanglement, and quantum information science.
The subject matter of bianyon interference with ultracold atoms is introduced through theoretical investigations pertaining to the second-order momentum correlation maps of two anyons (built upon spinless and spin-1/2 bosonic, as well as spin-1/2 fermionic, ultracold atoms) trapped in a double-well optical trap. The two-particle system is modeled according to the recently proposed protocols for emulating an anyonic Hubbard Hamiltonian in ultracold-atom one-dimensional lattices. Because the second-order momentum correlations are mirrored in the time-of-flight spectra in space, our findings provide impetus for time-of-flight experimental protocols for detecting anyonic statistics via interferometry measurements of massive particles that broaden the scope of the biphoton double-slit interferometry of quantum optics.
The subject of bianyon interference with ultracold atoms is introduced through theoretical investigations pertaining to the second-order momentum correlation maps of two anyons (built upon spinless and spin-1/2 bosonic as well as spin-1/2 fermionic ultracold atoms) trapped in a double-well optical trap. The two-particle system is modeled according to the recently proposed protocols for emulating an anyonic Hubbard Hamiltonian in ultracold-atom one-dimensional lattices. Because the second-order momentum correlations are mirrored in the time-of-flight second-order interference patterns in space, our findings provide impetus for time-of-flight experimental protocols for detecting anyonic statistics via interferometry measurements of massive particles that broaden the scope of the biphoton interferometry of quantum optics.
All-order momentum correlation functions associated with the time-of-flight spectroscopy of three spinless ultracold bosonic interacting neutral atoms confined in a linear three-well optical trap are presented. The underlying Hamiltonian employed for the interacting atoms is an augmented three-site Hubbard model. Our investigations target matter-wave interference of massive particles, aiming at the establishment of experimental protocols for characterizing the quantum states of trapped attractively or repulsively interacting ultracold particles, with variable interaction strength. The advantages and physical insights that can be gained from the results of our study for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the quantum states of interacting many-particle systems, via analysis of the all-order (that is, first, second, and third) momentum correlation functions for three bosonic atoms in a three-well confinement, are illustrated in the context of time-of-flight inteferometric interrogations of the interaction-strength-induced emergent quantum phase transition from the Mott insulating phase to the superfluid one. Furthermore, our inteferometric interrogations establish strong analogies with the quantum-optics interference of three photons, including the aspects of genuine three-photon interference, which are important to explorations targeting the development and implementation of quantum information applications and quantum computing.
Identification and understanding of the evolution of interference patterns in two-particle momentum correlations as a function of the strength of interatomic interactions are important in explorations of the nature of quantum states of trapped particles. Together with the analysis of two-particle spatial correlations, they offer the prospect of uncovering fundamental symmetries and structure of correlated many-body states, as well as opening vistas into potential control and utilization of correlated quantum states as quantum-information resources. With the use of the second-order density matrix constructed via exact diagonalization of the microscopic Hamiltonian, and an analytic Hubbard-type model, we explore here the systematic evolution of characteristic interference patterns in the two-body momentum and spatial correlation maps of two entangled ultracold fermionic atoms in a double well, for the entire attractive- and repulsive-interaction range. We uncover quantum-statistics-governed bunching and antibunching, as well as interaction-dependent interference patterns, in the ground and excited states, and interpret our results in light of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference physics, widely exploited in photon indistinguishability testing and quantum-information science.
This manuscript describes quantum atom optics experiments using metastable helium atoms with a single-atom momentum resolved detector. In the first part of this manuscript, the second order correlation measurement of the superradiance from a metastable helium Bose-Einstein condensate is presented. The superradiance effect is the collective radiation of dense ensemble where a strong gain of the radiation is expected. We have shown the thermal like statistics of the emission even in the presence of the strong gain. The next part of the manuscript is devoted to the quantum nonlocality test using a pair of atoms entangled in momentum. The protocol we came up with is inspired from the one of Rarity and Tapster with pairs of photons entangled in momentum. The essential ingredients of this protocol are the atomic pair produced by dynamical instability of the Bose-Einstein condensate in a moving optical lattice, the coherent control of the atomic pair by Bragg diffraction and the correlation measurement of the atoms in different output modes of the interferometric protocol. The experimental characterization and preparation of coherent control by Bragg diffraction are presented showing the proof of principle of such a protocol. The last part of the manuscript discusses the realization of the atomic Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment using the same atomic pair with an atomic beamsplitter. The non-classical interference result of this experiment has opened an opportunity for us to realize Bell’s inequality test with massive particles correlated in external degrees of freedom.
Analytic higher-order momentum correlation functions associated with the time-of-flight spectroscopy of three ultracold fermionic atoms singly confined in a linear three-well optical trap are presented, corresponding to the WWW- and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger--type states that belong to characteristic classes of tripartite entanglement and represent the strong-interaction regime captured by a three-site Heisenberg Hamiltonian. The methodology introduced here contrasts with and goes beyond that based on the standard Wick factorization scheme; it enables determination of both third-order and second-order spin resolved and spin unresolved momentum correlations, aiming at matter-wave interference investigations with trapped massive particles in analogy with, and having the potential for expanding the scope of, recent three-photon quantum-optics interferometry.