We present the experimental realization and characterization of a Ramsey interferometer based on optically trapped ultracold potassium atoms, where one state is continuously coupled by an off-resonant laser field to a highly excited Rydberg state. We show that the observed interference signals can be used to precisely measure the Rydberg atom-light coupling strength as well as the population and coherence decay rates of the Rydberg-dressed states with subkilohertz accuracy and for Rydberg state fractions as small as one part in 10^{6}. We also demonstrate an application for measuring small, static electric fields with high sensitivity. This provides the means to combine the outstanding coherence properties of Ramsey interferometers based on atomic ground states with a controllable coupling to strongly interacting states, thus expanding the number of systems suitable for metrological applications and many-body physics studies.
We present the experimental realization and characterization of a Ramsey interferometer based on optically trapped ultracold potassium atoms, where one state is continuously coupled by an off-resonant laser field to a highly excited Rydberg state. We show that the observed interference signals can be used to precisely measure the Rydberg atom-light coupling strength as well as the population and coherence decay rates of the Rydberg-dressed states with subkilohertz accuracy and for Rydberg state fractions as small as one part in 10^{6}. We also demonstrate an application for measuring small, static electric fields with high sensitivity. This provides the means to combine the outstanding coherence properties of Ramsey interferometers based on atomic ground states with a controllable coupling to strongly interacting states, thus expanding the number of systems suitable for metrological applications and many-body physics studies.
We present the experimental realization and characterization of an atomic clock based on optically trapped ultracold potassium atoms, where one state is continuously coupled by an off-resonant laser field to a highly-excited Rydberg state. We show that the observed Ramsey interference signals can be used to precisely measure the Rydberg atom-light coupling strength as well as the population and coherence decay rates of the Rydberg-dressed states with sub-kilohertz accuracy and for Rydberg state fractions as small as one part in 10^6. This provides the means to combine the outstanding coherence properties of atomic clocks with controllable coupling to strongly interacting states, thus expanding the number of systems suitable for metrological applications and many-body physics studies.
This thesis describes studies on a Rydberg-dressed ultracold atom system as a versatile platform for non-equilibrium physics research, atom-light interactions analysis and atomic sensing applications. This work includes a description of the experimental system, an ultracold potassium atom setup where we can prepare a gas of atoms in an optical dipole trap and precisely control their ground state properties. To excite the atoms to strongly-interacting Rydberg states, we set up and characterize a high-power and widely tunable excitation laser system, for driving both single and two-photon Rydberg excitations. Together this establishes a unique system for studying the effects of driving, long-range interactions and dissipation (due to the relatively short lifetime of excited states) on many-body dynamics. Using this setup we study the phase structure of a driven-dissipative system out of equilibrium , where exploiting the atom loss rate as an observable,we discover different power-laws depending on the system parameters (i.e driving,dissipation and interaction). We study further in detail a regime which shows loss rates much larger than those for single particles, and discover that due to the Rydberg population decay the system evolves to a self-organized critical state.Our key observations can be well described by effectively classical models for the many-body dynamics, which we understand as a consequence of rapid dephasing of atomic coherences. To quantify the coherence of the atom-light interactions, we realize a Rydberg dressed interferometer. This technique combines the precision of atomic clock transitions with the exaggerated properties of Rydberg atoms such as their long-range interactions and extreme response to electric fields. Using the interferometer, we are able to characterize the Rydberg-dressed ensemble, including the effects of population decay and dephasing both of which affect the coherence time. This enables us to identify power fluctuations in the excitation laser as the dominant effects limiting the coherence in the system, which will be used in the experiment for future improvements of the coherence time. As an additional application, we demonstrate that the Rydberg dressed interferometer can be used to precisely measure static electric fields down to 17 mV/cm which is comparable to state-of-the-art electrometers. These results together highlight the versatility of the Rydberg platform and pave the way towards a better understanding of long-range interacting systems out-of-equilibrium. This work paves the way to new studies of non-equilibrium phenomena and applications of many-body quantum systems which make use of both quantum coherent and dissipative interactions.
We demonstrate that Ramsey spectroscopy can be used to observe Rydberg-dressed interactions in a many-body system well within experimentally measured lifetimes, in contrast to previous research, which either focused on interactions near F\"orster resonances or on few-atom systems. We build a spin-21 from one level that is Rydberg-dressed and another that is not. These levels may be hyperfine or long-lived electronic states. An Ising spin model governs the Ramsey dynamics, which we demonstrate can be used to characterize the Rydberg-dressed interactions. Furthermore, the dynamics can differ significantly from that observed in other spin systems. As one example, spin echo can increase the rate at which coherence decays. The results also apply to bare (undressed) Rydberg states as a special case, for which we quantitatively reproduce recent ultrafast experiments without fitting.
In the course of this thesis the techniques of coherent state preparation and interrogation introduced by Stern, Rabi, Ramsey and others are extended to large samples of ultracold Rydberg atoms and molecules. The key technique to realize the coherent control is a Ramsey-like excitation scheme. To achieve this, a Rydberg interferometer is set up and successfully applied in the investigation of the recently discovered ultralong-range Rydberg molecules as well as for the exploration of the dynamics of atomic Rydberg states. Therby, the coherent control of Rydberg molecules is proven. This is a major step towards time resolved investigation of the dynamics of the exotic molecule and opens new opportunities for a more sophisticated understanding of the underlying binding mechanisms. The first experimental application of the interferometer has been given for ultralong-range Rydberg molecules. Following the work of Ramsey, an experimental sequence with two excitation pulses split in time was set up. Because the Rydberg molecules are coherently photoassociated in the experiment, an interference pattern known as Ramsey fringes is created. The loss of visibility of the Ramsey fringe pattern could be described in a two-level model and from these calculations, the lifetime of the molecules was determined interferometrically. Thus aside from being an elegant and unambiguous proof for the coherence of the photoassociation, the occurrence of Ramsey fringes also allows one to see the experiment as an atom-molecule interferometer. These experiments have paved the way towards experimental exploration of the dynamics of these exotic molecule. For another open question in the field of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules - their lifetime - the findings in this thesis brought clarity. From the density-dependent investigations it could be found that the lifetime of the vibrationally excited molecular state is systematically shorter than that of the molecular ground state. These findings confirm the theory that the excited molecular states are bound by quantum reflection: The shortened lifetime can be ascribed to the inward penetration of the bound atomic pair due to imperfect quantum reflection leading to the dissociation of the molecule. In the further course of this thesis, the idea of a Ramsey setup for Rydberg molecules has been extend to Rydberg atoms. With the introduction of a control parameter to tune the relative phase shift between the ground-state arm and the Rydberg arm, the so far empty interferometer has been extended to a full working interferometer. The measurements on the 43s-state in electric fields demonstrated the usability of the interferometer in a simple and well controllable system and the interferometric studies on the 46d-state in crossed external fields can be regarded as the first investigative application of the interferometer. The key point of the investigation is the link between the two observables of the Rydberg interferometer, phase shift and visibility, and the complex value describing the Rydberg state of interest. It was found that the phase shift of the Rydberg state mostly follows the adiabatic energy curves in the electric field calculated for these experimental parameters. However, in the region where avoided crossings du to crossed electric and magnetic field occur, the phase shift behaves substantially different. While the phase rises fast by pi near one avoided crossing, a 2pi jump occurs at another avoided crossing. Since the phase can only be determined in the interval between 0 and 2pi experimentally, the jump cannot be observed as function of the electric field. This limitation has been overcome by taking the phase shift as function of time for different electric fields, which allows to reconstruct the phase at the given field-on time independently. From these measurements, the occurrence of the 2pi jump could be validated. To explore the reasons underlying the behavior of the phase in the electric field, the dynamics of the system has been modeled theoretically. The experimental findings for the phase shift as well as for the visibility are thoroughly reproduced by theory. Especially the characteristic behavior of phase shift and visibility near the avoided crossings is also seen in the calculations. With the help of this modeling one can see the fast pi rise in analogy to the phase of a driven harmonic oscillator that changes from in-phase when the driving frequency is below the resonance of the oscillator and out-of-phase above. The 2pi jump, however, emerges from the complex dynamics of the several levels involved and can not be easily broken down to a two-level picture. Altogether, these findings confirm that the Rydberg interferometer can track the dynamics of the selected Rydberg state and enabled the tomography of the Rydberg state. Moreover, these measurements show the potential of the Rydberg interferometer as tool to explore the dynamic of quantum systems.
Interacting ultracold atomic quantum gases provide an ideal test bed to study strongly correlated quantum matter. The interactions between atoms in such an ultracold quantum gas are typically short-ranged and well described by an effective contact potential. Introducing longer-range interactions promises the realization of novel quantum phases which are absent in systems with only short-range interactions. Trapped atoms, resonantly laser-coupled to highly excited, strongly interacting Rydberg states have been proposed as a versatile platform to realize such long-range interacting quantum matter. In a first experiment presented in this thesis, we combined the single-atom-sensitive local preparation and detection enabled by a quantum gas microscope to prepare and microscopically characterize an ensemble of rubidium-87 atoms trapped in an optical lattice in the regime of strong Rydberg blockade. There, we observe collectively enhanced optical coupling in an effective two-level system, the so-called “superatom”, and infer the presence of entanglement. Detuned optical coupling to Rydberg states, termed “Rydberg dressing”, has been proposed as an alternative approach to induce long-range interactions. Rather than directly exciting an atom to a Rydberg state, the properties of the latter are admixed to a ground state, which consequently acquires long-range interactions. In the context of this thesis, we have designed a laser system in the ultraviolet spectral range to admix Rydberg P-state character to the ground state of atoms in an optical lattice. In an emerging Ising quantum magnet, the presence of Rydberg-dressed interactions was demonstrated by an interferometric technique combined with spatially resolved spin correlation measurements. The theoretically predicted tunability of the isotropy and range of the interaction were confirmed experimentally. While these initial measurements exhibited unexpected dissipation, in a subsequent experiment in a one-dimensional spin chain this dissipation was overcome. We substantiated the improved coherence times by tracking the time evolution of the magnetization upon suddenly switching on interactions and observing coherent collapse and revival dynamics, one of the hallmarks of coherent quantum evolution. Our results establish Rydberg-dressed interactions in ultracold gases and pave the way to realize and study novel exotic quantum phases.
With the advent of laser cooling and trapping, neutral atoms have become a foundational source of accuracy for applications in metrology and are showing great potential for their use as qubits in quantum information. In metrology, neutral atoms provide the most accurate references for the measurement of time and acceleration. The unsurpassed stability provided by these systems make neutral atoms an attractive avenue to explore applications in quantum information and computing. However, to fully investigate the field of quantum information, we require a method to generate entangling interactions between neutral-atom qubits. Recent progress in the use of highly-excited Rydberg states for strong dipolar interactions has shown great promise for controlled entanglement using the Rydberg blockade phenomenon. I report the use of singly-trapped cesium atoms as qubits for applications in metrology and quantum information. Each atom provides a physical basis for a single qubit by encoding the required information into the ground-state hyperfine structure of cesium. Through the manipulation of these qubits with microwave and optical frequency sources, we demonstrate the capacity for arbitrary single-qubit control by driving qubit rotations in three orthogonal directions on the Bloch sphere. With this control, we develop an atom interferometer that far surpasses the force sensitivity of other approaches by applying the well-established technique of light-pulsed atom-matterwave interferometry to single atoms. Following this, we focus on two-qubit interactions using highly-excited Rydberg states. Through the development of a unique single-photon approach to Rydberg excitation using an ultraviolet laser at 319 nm, we observe the Rydberg blockade interaction between atoms separated by 6.6(3) microns. Motivated by the observation of Rydberg blockade, we study the application of Rydberg-dressed states for a quantum controlled-phase gate. Using a realistic simulation of the dressed-state dynamics, we calculate a controlled-phase gate fidelity of 94% that is primarily limited by Doppler frequency shifts. Finally, we employ our single-photon excitation laser to measure the Rydberg-dressed interaction, thus demonstrating the viability of this approach.