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arXiv:1809.09989 · Physical Review A

Dissipative Bose-Hubbard system with intrinsic two-body loss

Takafumi Tomita, Shuta Nakajima, Yosuke Takasu, Yoshiro Takahashi

Published Mar 11, 2019• 88 citations
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Abstract

We report an experimental study of dynamics of the metastable ${}^{3}{P}_{2}$ state of bosonic ytterbium atoms in an optical lattice. The dissipative Bose-Hubbard system with on-site two-body atom loss is realized via its intrinsic strong inelastic collision of the metastable ${}^{3}{P}_{2}$ atoms. We investigate the atom loss behavior with the unit-filling Mott insulator as the initial state and find that the atom loss is suppressed by the strong correlation between atoms, which is attributed to both the on-site interaction and the inelastic loss. Also, as we decrease the potential depth of the lattice, we observe the growth of the phase coherence and find its suppression owing to the dissipation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.99.031601

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•Jul 17, 2015•1 citation
We report an experimental study of dynamics of the metastable 3P2{}^{3}{P}_{2}3P2​ state of bosonic ytterbium atoms in an optical lattice. The dissipative Bose-Hubbard system with on-site two-body atom loss is realized via its intrinsic strong inelastic collision of the metastable 3P2{}^{3}{P}_{2}3P2​ atoms. We investigate the atom loss behavior with the unit-filling Mott insulator as the initial state and find that the atom loss is suppressed by the strong correlation between atoms, which is attributed to both the on-site interaction and the inelastic loss. Also, as we decrease the potential depth of the lattice, we observe the growth of the phase coherence and find its suppression owing to the dissipation.
Dissipation is ubiquitous in nature and plays a crucial role in quantum systems such as causing decoherence of quantum states. Recently, much attention has been paid to an intriguing possibility of dissipation as an efficient tool for the preparation and manipulation of quantum states. We report the realization of successful demonstration of a novel role of dissipation in a quantum phase transition using cold atoms. We realize an engineered dissipative Bose-Hubbard system by introducing a controllable strength of two-body inelastic collision via photoassociation for ultracold bosons in a three-dimensional optical lattice. In the dynamics subjected to a slow ramp-down of the optical lattice, we find that strong on-site dissipation favors the Mott insulating state: The melting of the Mott insulator is delayed, and the growth of the phase coherence is suppressed. The controllability of the dissipation is highlighted by quenching the dissipation, providing a novel method for investigating a quantum many-body state and its nonequilibrium dynamics.
We observe the dissipative dynamics of a dense, strongly interacting gas of bosonic atom pairs in an optical lattice, controlling the strength of the two-body interactions over a wide parameter regime. We study how three-body losses contribute to the lattice dynamics, addressing a number of open questions related to the effects of strong dissipation in a many-body system, including the relationship to the continuous quantum Zeno effect. We observe rapid break-up of bound pairs for weak interactions, and for stronger interactions we see doublon decay rates that are asymmetric when changing from attractive and repulsive interactions and which strongly depend on the interactions and on-site loss rates. By comparing our experimental data with a theoretical analysis of few-body dynamics, we show that these features originate from a nontrivial combination of dissipative dynamics described by a lattice model beyond a standard Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, and the modification of three-atom dynamics on a single site, which is generated alongside strong three-body loss. Our results open new possibilities for investigating bosonic atoms with strong three-body loss features and allow for the better understanding of the parameter regimes that are required to realize strong effective three-body interactions.
Abstract We employ metastable ultracold 173 Yb atoms to study dynamics in the 1D dissipative Fermi–Hubbard model experimentally and theoretically, and observe a complete inhibition of two-body losses after initial fast transient dynamics. We attribute the suppression of particle loss to the dynamical generation of a highly entangled Dicke state. For several lattice depths and for two- and six-spin component mixtures we find very similar dynamics, showing that the creation of strongly correlated states is a robust and universal phenomenon. This offers interesting opportunities for precision measurements.
We investigate the loss of spatial coherence of one-dimensional bosonic gases in optical lattices illuminated by a near-resonant excitation laser. Because the atoms recoil in a random direction after each spontaneous emission, the atomic momentum distribution progressively broadens. Equivalently, the spatial correlation function (the Fourier-conjugate quantity of the momentum distribution) progressively narrows down as more photons are scattered. Here we measure the correlation function of the matter field for fixed distances corresponding to nearest-neighbor (n-n) and next-nearest-neighbor (n-n-n) sites of the optical lattice as a function of time, hereafter called n-n and n-n-n correlators. For strongly interacting lattice gases, we find that the n-n correlator C 1 decays as a power-law at long times, C 1 ∝ 1 / t α , in stark contrast with the exponential decay expected for independent particles. The power-law decay reflects a non-trivial dissipative many-body dynamics, where interactions change drastically the interplay between fluorescence destroying spatial coherence, and coherent tunnelling between neighboring sites restoring spatial coherence at short distances. The observed decay exponent α ≈ 0 . 54 ( 6 ) is in good agreement with the prediction α = 1 / 2 from a dissipative Bose–Hubbard model accounting for the fluorescence-induced decoherence. Furthermore, we find that the n-n correlator C 1 controls the n-n-n correlator C 2 through the relation C 2 ≈ C 1 2 , also in accordance with the dissipative Bose–Hubbard model.
This thesis describes experiments focused on investigating out-of-equilibrium phenomena in the Bose-Hubbard Model and exploring novel cooling techniques for ultracold gases in optical lattices. In the first experiment, we study quenches across the Mott-insulator-to-superfluid quantum phase transition in the 3D Bose-Hubbard Model. The quench is accomplished by continuously tuning the ratio of the Hubbard energies. We observe that the degree of excitation is proportional to the fraction of atoms that cross the phase boundary, and that the amount of excitations and energy produced during the quench have a power-law dependence on the quench rate. These phenomena suggest an excitation process analogous to the mechanism for defect generation in non-equilibrium classical phase transitions. This experiment constitutes the first observation of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism in a quantum quench. We have reported our findings in Ref. [1]. In a second experiment, published in Ref. [2], we investigate dissipation as a method for cooling a strongly interacting gas. We introduce dissipation via a bosonic reservoir to a strongly interacting bosonic gas in the Mott-insulator regime of a 3D spin-dependent optical lattice. The lattice atoms are excited to a higher energy band using laser-induced Bragg transitions. A weakly interacting superfluid comprised of atoms in a state that does not experience the lattice potential acts as a dissipative bath that interacts with the lattice atoms through collisions. We measure the resulting bath-induced decay using the atomic quasimomentum distribution, and we compare the decay rate with predictions from a weakly interacting model with no free parameters. A competing intrinsic decay mechanism arising from collisions between lattice atoms is also investigated. The presence of intrinsic decay can not be accommodated within a non-interacting framework and signals that strong interactions may play a central role in the lattice-atom dynamics. The intrinsic decay process we observe may negatively impact the success of cooling via dissipation because a fraction of intrinsic decay events can deposit a large amount of energy into the lattice gas. In a third experiment, we develop and carry out the first demonstration of cooling an atomic quasimomentum distribution. Our scheme, applied in a proof-of-principle experiment to 3D Bose-Hubbard gas in the superfluid regime, involves quasimomentum-selective Raman transitions. This experiment is motivated by the search of new cooling techniques for lattice-trapped gases. Efficient cooling exceeding heating rates is achieved by iteratively removing high quasimomentum atoms from the lattice. Quasimomentum equilibration, which is necessary for cooling, is investigated by directly measuring rethermalization rates after bringing the quasimomentum distribution of the gas out of equilibrium. The measured relaxation rate is consistent at high lattice depths with a short-range, two-particle scattering model without free parameters, despite an apparent violation of the Mott-Ioffe-Regel bound. Our results may have implications for models of unusual transport phenomena in materials with strong interactions, such as heavy fermion materials and transition metal oxides. The cooling method we have developed is applicable to any species, including fermionic atoms. Our results are available in Ref. [3]