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arXiv:1808.10789 · Physical Review A

Coherent multiple-period states of periodically modulated qubits

M. I. Dykman

Published Oct 1, 2019• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider multiple-period states in systems of periodically modulated qubits. In such states the discrete time-translation symmetry imposed by the modulation is broken. We explicitly show how multiple-period states emerge in the simplest quantum system, a single qubit subjected to a pulsed resonant modulation and/or a pulsed modulation of the transition frequency. We also show that a qubit chain with the qubit coupling modulated at twice the qubit frequency has symmetry that allows mapping it on the Kitaev chain and thus provides an example of a topologically nontrivial Floquet system. An explicit solution for a two-qubit system illustrates the effect of resonant period doubling for coupled qubits, whereas in a long chain period doubling is topologically protected.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.100.042101

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We consider multiple-period states in systems of periodically modulated qubits. In such states the discrete time-translation symmetry imposed by the modulation is broken. We explicitly show how multiple-period states emerge in the simplest quantum system, a single qubit subjected to a pulsed resonant modulation and/or a pulsed modulation of the transition frequency. We also show that a qubit chain with the qubit coupling modulated at twice the qubit frequency has symmetry that allows mapping it on the Kitaev chain and thus provides an example of a topologically nontrivial Floquet system. An explicit solution for a two-qubit system illustrates the effect of resonant period doubling for coupled qubits, whereas in a long chain period doubling is topologically protected.
We study the breaking of the discrete time-translation symmetry in small periodically driven quantum systems. These systems are intermediate between large closed systems and small dissipative systems, which both display such symmetry breaking but have qualitatively different dynamics. As a nontrivial example, strongly different from the familiar case of parametric resonance, we consider period tripling in a quantum nonlinear oscillator. We develop theoretical methods of the analysis of period tripling, including the theory of multiple-state resonant tunneling in phase space with the account taken of the involved geometric phase. For moderately strong driving, the period tripling persists for a time, which is exponentially long compared with all dynamical times. This time is further extended by an even weak decoherence.
We analyze periodically modulated quantum systems with SU(2) and SU(1,1) symmetries. Transforming the Hamiltonian into the Floquet representation we apply the Lie transformation method, which allows us to classify all effective resonant transitions emerging in time-dependent systems. In the case of a single periodically perturbed system, we propose an explicit iterative procedure for the determination of the effective interaction constants corresponding to every resonance both for weak and strong modulation. For coupled quantum systems we determine the efficient resonant transitions appearing as a result of time modulation and intrinsic non-linearities.
Floquet theory is a widely used framework to describe the dynamics of periodically driven quantum systems. The usual scenario to describe such systems is to consider the effect of an external control with a definite period in time that can act either locally or globally on the system of interest. However, apart from periodicity, such drives typically lack classical correlations or additional structure. In this work, we consider drives with intrinsic dynamics that undergo self-organization, leading to periodic steady states with emergent symmetries. To substantiate our results, we consider two examples of one-dimensional quantum spin chains coupled to a classical Kuramoto model. First, we investigate a Kuramoto model with all-to-all coupling driving a one-dimensional quantum Ising chain into a time-periodic steady state with an emergent translational symmetry. Next, we consider a Kuramoto model in a zigzag lattice driving an XX spin chain. The dynamics of traveling waves in the Kuramoto model trimerizes the lattice, effectively inducing topological behavior that can be exploited to perform topological pumping. Our results can be experimentally implemented in digital and analog near-term quantum devices.
Abstract The dynamics of qubits coupled to a harmonic oscillator with time-periodic coupling is investigated in the framework of Floquet theory. This system can be used to model nonadiabatic phenomena that require a periodic modulation of the qubit/oscillator coupling. The case of a single qubit coupled to a resonator populated with n = 0, 1 photon is explicitly treated. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the system’s dynamics is solved within the Floquet formalism and compared to a solution obtained with perturbative approaches in the time- and Laplace-domain. Excellent quantitative agreement is found between the analytical and numerical calculations within the Floquet approach, demonstrating the effectiveness of the technique for the study of the dynamical Lamb effect.
Discrete time crystals (DTCs) are non-equilibrium phases of matter that break the discrete time-translation symmetry and is characterized by a robust subharmonic response in periodically driven quantum systems. Here, we explore the DTC in a disorder-free, periodically kicked XXZ spin chain, which is stabilized by the Floquet strong Hilbert space fragmentation. We numerically show the period-doubling response of the conventional DTC order, and uncover a multiple-period response with beating dynamics due to the coherent interplay of multiple πππ-pairs in the Floquet spectrum of small-size systems. The lifetime of the DTC order exhibits independence of the driving frequency and a power-law dependence on the ZZ interaction strength. It also grows exponentially with the system size, as a hallmark of the strong fragmentation inherent to the Floquet model. We analytically reveal the approximate conservation of the magnetization and domain-wall number in the Floquet operator for the emergent strong fragmentation, which is consistent with numerical results of the dimensionality ratio of symmetry subspaces. The rigidity and phase regime of the DTC order are identified through finite-size scaling of the Floquet-spectrum-averaged mutual information, as well as via dynamical probes. Our work establishes the Floquet Hilbert space fragmentation as a disorder-free mechanism for sustaining nontrivial temporal orders in out-of-equilibrium quantum many-body systems.
Dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) are characterized by nonanalytic behaviors of physical observables as functions of time. When a system is subject to time-periodic modulations, the nonanalytic signatures of its observables could recur periodically in time, leading to the phenomena of Floquet DQPTs. In this work, we systematically explore Floquet DQPTs in a class of periodically quenched one-dimensional system with chiral symmetry. By tuning the strength of quench, we find multiple Floquet DQPTs within a single driving period, with more DQPTs being observed when the system is initialized in Floquet states with larger topological invariants. Each Floquet DQPT is further accompanied by the quantized jump of a dynamical topological order parameter, whose values remain quantized in time if the underlying Floquet system is prepared in a gapped topological phase. The theory is demonstrated in a piecewise quenched lattice model, which possesses rich Floquet topological phases and is readily realizable in quantum simulators like the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamonds. Our discoveries thus open a new perspective for the Floquet engineering of DQPTs and the dynamical detection of topological phase transitions in Floquet systems.