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arXiv:1808.08077 · Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

Adiabatic approach to large-amplitude collective motion with the higher-order collective-coordinate operator

Koichi Sato

Published Aug 31, 2018• 2 citations
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Abstract

We propose a new set of equations to determine the collective Hamiltonian including the second-order collective-coordinate operator on the basis of the adiabatic self-consistent collective-coordinate (ASCC) theory. We illustrate, with the two-level Lipkin model, that the collective operators including the second-order one are self-consistently determined. We compare the results of the calculations with and without the second-order operator and show that, without the second-order operator, the agreement with the exact solution becomes worse as the excitation energy increases, but that, with the second-order operator included, the exact solution is well reproduced even for highly excited states. We also reconsider which equations one should adopt as the basic equations in the case where only the first-order operator is taken into account, and suggest an alternative set of fundamental equations instead of the conventional ASCC equations. Moreover, we briefly discuss the gauge symmetry of the new basic equations that we propose in this paper.

DOI
10.1093/ptep/pty101

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We propose a new set of equations to determine the collective Hamiltonian including the second-order collective-coordinate operator on the basis of the adiabatic self-consistent collective-coordinate (ASCC) theory. We illustrate, with the two-level Lipkin model, that the collective operators including the second-order one are self-consistently determined. We compare the results of the calculations with and without the second-order operator and show that, without the second-order operator, the agreement with the exact solution becomes worse as the excitation energy increases, but that, with the second-order operator included, the exact solution is well reproduced even for highly excited states. We also reconsider which equations one should adopt as the basic equations in the case where only the first-order operator is taken into account, and suggest an alternative set of fundamental equations instead of the conventional ASCC equations. Moreover, we briefly discuss the gauge symmetry of the new basic equations that we propose in this paper.
Relation of a†aa^\dagger aa†a terms to higher-order terms in the adiabatic expansion for large-amplitude collective motion
We investigate the relation of a†aa^\dagger aa†a terms in the collective operator to the higher-order terms in the adiabatic self-consistent collective coordinate (ASCC) method. In the ASCC method, a state vector is written as eiG^(q,p,n)∣ϕ(q)⟩e^{i\hat G(q,p,n)}|ϕ(q)\rangleeiG^(q,p,n)∣ϕ(q)⟩ with G^(q,p,n)\hat G(q,p,n)G^(q,p,n) which is a function of collective coordinate qqq, its conjugate momentum ppp and the particle number nnn. According to the generalized Thouless theorem, G^\hat GG^ can be written as a linear combination of two-quasiparticle creation and annihilation operators aμ†aν†a^\dagger_μa^\dagger_νaμ†​aν†​ and aνaμa_νa_μaν​aμ​. We show that, if a†aa^\dagger aa†a terms are included in G^(q,p,n)\hat G(q,p,n)G^(q,p,n), it corresponds to the higher-order terms in the adiabatic expansion of G^\hat GG^. This relation serves as a prescription to determine the higher-order collective operators from the a†aa^\dagger aa†a part of the collective operator, once it is given without solving the higher-order equations of motion.
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We illustrate some of the concepts introduced in a recent paper devoted to the formulation of a self-consistent theory of large amplitude collective motion at finite excitation energy. We apply these concepts to a Hamiltonian with the symmetry of $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(2)$ (a doubled Lipkin model), in which the latter, exemplifying the slow, collective degrees of freedom, interacts with a set of harmonic oscillators representing the fast, noncollective variables. We pass to a mean-field approximation, which implies a collisionless regime, but show as well how the formalism may be extended to include the limit of collisions that establish instantaneous local equilibrium. In the representation of natural orbitals, the variables split into classical canonical sets and occupation numbers of the orbitals. Careful attention is paid to the problem of eliminating the intrinsic canonical coordinates from the equations of motion in such a way (white noise approximation) as to yield dissipative equations of motion for the collective variables. For the case of local equilibrium, the relaxation problem requires in addition an equation relating the slow change in temperature to the slow change of the collective variables. The two limiting relaxation scenarios are studied numerically.
An adiabatic approximation to the selfconsistent collective coordinate method is formulated in order to describe large amplitude collective motions in nuclei with pairing correlations on the basis of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations of motion. The basic equations are presented in a local harmonic form which can be solved in a manner similar to that of the quasiparticle RPA equations. The formalism guarantees the conservation of nucleon number expectation values. An extension to the multi-dimensional case is also discussed.
We formulate a theory for the transfer of energy from collective degrees of freedom to internal degrees of freedom when the former belong to the adiabatic large-amplitude regime. The framework is that of an extended mean-field theory including dissipation, with the following salient features: (i) The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is extended to finite excitation energy by the introduction of the concept of thermal state, that is pure with respect to collective coordinates and a (square root of a)a)a) density matrix with respect to internal coordinates. (ii) By assuming that these states form an approximate complete set for application of the Kerman-Klein method, the self-consistent theory of large amplitude collective motion is extended to finite excitation energy. (iii) The mean-field limit is taken, and further study is carried out in the basis of natural orbitals that diagonalizes the one-particle density matrix. In the approximation maintained uniformly in this work, the equations of motion for the orbitals are shown to be of Hamiltonian form; to these are conjoined the master equations for the time rate of change of the occupation numbers. The latter are studied in two extreme limits. In the collisionless limit, dissipation still arises from the response of the mean field to the collective motion (one-body friction). At the opposite extreme, collisions are assumed to be so effective as to force the system always to be in a state of local (constrained) equilibrium. (iv) We review a procedure by which the noncollective variables in the Hamiltonian may be eliminated, leading to equations of motion for the collective variables with dissipative terms that in general depend on the history of the system. The limit of instantaneous friction can be justified in an adiabatic approximation. (v) A decoupling procedure is developed for deriving the form of these equations of motion from the mean-field theory, with the ultimate aim of obtaining the macroscopic parameters that appear in the classical equations of motion for the collective variables. This procedure generalizes that developed in extensive previous work on large amplitude collective motion at zero temperature. (vi) Associating the dissipative equations of motion for the collective variables with one of the assumptions concerning the rates of change of the occupation numbers provides a description of the relaxation of a system initially perturbed from a state of dynamic equilibrium.
With the purpose of clarifying characteristic difference of the optimum collective submanifolds between in nonresonant and resonant cases, we propose an improved method of solving the basic equations of the self-consistent collective-coordinate (SCC) method, which describes optimum (“maximally-decoupled”) large-amplitude collective motion within the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory. It is shown that, in the resonant cases, there inevitably arise essential coupling terms which break the maximal-decoupling property of the collective motion, so that we have to extend the optimum collective submanifold so as to properly treat the degrees of freedom bringing about the resonances. An illustrative example is given with a simple model Hamiltonian.