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arXiv:1808.07066 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Topologically protected braiding in a single wire using Floquet Majorana modes

Bela Bauer, T. Pereg-Barnea, Torsten Karzig, Maria-Theresa Rieder, Gil Refael, Erez Berg, Yuval Oreg

Published Jul 3, 2019• 57 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Majorana zero modes are a promising platform for topologically protected quantum information processing. Their non-Abelian nature, which is key for performing quantum gates, is most prominently exhibited through braiding. While originally formulated for two-dimensional systems, it has been shown that braiding can also be realized using one-dimensional wires by forming an essentially two-dimensional network. Here, we show that in driven systems far from equilibrium, one can do away with the second spatial dimension altogether by instead using quasienergy as the second dimension. To realize this, we use a Floquet topological superconductor which can exhibit Majorana modes at two special eigenvalues of the evolution operator, 0 and $\ensuremath{\pi}$, and thus can realize four Majorana modes in a single, driven quantum wire. We describe and numerically evaluate a protocol that realizes a topologically protected exchange of two Majorana zero modes in a single wire by adiabatically modulating the Floquet drive and using the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ modes as auxiliary degrees of freedom.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.100.041102

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Majorana zero modes are a promising platform for topologically protected quantum information processing. Their non-Abelian nature, which is key for performing quantum gates, is most prominently exhibited through braiding. While originally formulated for two-dimensional systems, it has been shown that braiding can also be realized using one-dimensional wires by forming an essentially two-dimensional network. Here, we show that in driven systems far from equilibrium, one can do away with the second spatial dimension altogether by instead using quasienergy as the second dimension. To realize this, we use a Floquet topological superconductor which can exhibit Majorana modes at two special eigenvalues of the evolution operator, 0 and \ensuremathπ\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremathπ, and thus can realize four Majorana modes in a single, driven quantum wire. We describe and numerically evaluate a protocol that realizes a topologically protected exchange of two Majorana zero modes in a single wire by adiabatically modulating the Floquet drive and using the \ensuremathπ\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremathπ modes as auxiliary degrees of freedom.
Majorana zero modes are a promising platform for topologically protected quantum information processing. Their non-Abelian nature, which is key for performing quantum gates, is most prominently exhibited through braiding. While originally formulated for two-dimensional systems, it has been shown that braiding can also be realized using one-dimensional wires by forming an essentially two-dimensional network. Here, we show that in driven systems far from equilibrium, one can do away with the second spatial dimension altogether by instead using quasienergy as the second dimension. To realize this, we use a Floquet topological superconductor which can exhibit Majorana modes at two special eigenvalues of the evolution operator, 0 and π, and thus can realize four Majorana modes in a single, driven quantum wire. We describe and numerically evaluate a protocol that realizes a topologically protected exchange of two Majorana zero modes in a single wire by adiabatically modulating the Floquet drive and using the π modes as auxiliary degrees of freedom.
The topic of Majorana zero modes has been a focal point of the condensed matter physicscommunity in recent times due in part to their potential applications in quantum computation.Most notably, the exotic exchange statistics of Majorana zero modes form the basis oftopologically protected quantum gates. The physical exchange, or braiding, of Majorana zeromodes is often modeled in two-dimensional systems or by using networks of wires. Recentwork has established that Majorana zero modes can be braided in a purely one-dimensionalsetting with a periodic, or Floquet, drive. Specifically, the work of Bauer et al. in Ref.[1] demonstrates that a working braiding protocol can be simulated on a Kitaev chain withperiodically modulated parameters. This Floquet system gives rise to both Majorana zeromodes and Majorana pi modes, the latter of which serves as an additional degree of freedomin the braiding protocol.We reproduce the results of Ref. [1] through numerical simulation and extend theirbraiding protocol such that it includes both disorder and interactions. We demonstrate thatthe protocol remains successful when the disorder is weak compared to the parameters of thesystem. In the case of strong disorder, we demonstrate that the protocol fails. In addition,we show that the protocol is quite sensitive to the presence of interactions. We illustratethat interactions cause a severe delocalization of the Majorana zero modes leading to thefailure of the protocol
We propose and analyze a physical system capable of performing topological quantum computation with Majorana zero modes (MZMs) in a one-dimensional topological superconductor (1DTS). One of the leading methods to realize quantum gates in a 1DTS is to use T junctions, which allows one to maneuver MZMs in such a manner as to achieve braiding. In this paper, we propose a scheme for implementing quantum logical gates in a purely one-dimensional geometry without T junctions, instead replacing it with an auxiliary qubit. This has the additional benefit of introducing a non-Clifford gate, corresponding to one- and two-logical-qubit ZZZ rotations. We first design a topologically protected logical ZZZ gate based entirely on local interactions within the 1DTS. Using an auxiliary qubit coupled to the topological superconductors, we extend the ZZZ gate to non-Clifford single- and multiqubit arbitrary rotations with partial topological protection. Finally, to perform universal quantum computing, we introduce a scheme for performing arbitrary unitary rotations, albeit without topological protection. We develop a formalism based on unitary braids which creates transitions between different topological phases of the 1DTS system. The unitary formalism can be simply converted to an equivalent adiabatic scheme, which we numerically simulate, and we show that high-fidelity operations should be possible with reasonable parameters.
In one-dimensional topological superconductors driven periodically with the frequency ω, two types of topological edge modes may appear, the well-known Majorana zero mode and a Floquet Majorana mode located at the quasienergy ℏω/2. We investigate two Josephson-coupled topological quantum wires in the presence of Coulomb interactions, forming a so-called Majorana box qubit. An oscillating gate voltage can induce Floquet Majorana modes in both wires. This allows for the encoding of three qubits in a sector with fixed electron parity. If such a system is prepared by increasing the amplitude of oscillations adiabatically, it is inherently unstable as interactions resonantly create quasiparticles. This can be avoided by using instead a protocol where the oscillation frequency is increased slowly. In this case, one can find a parameter regime where the system remains stable.
Floquet topological matter has emerged as one exciting platform to explore rich physics and game-changing applications of topological phases. As one remarkable and recently discovered feature of Floquet symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases, in principle, a simple periodically driven system can host an arbitrary number of topological protected zero edge modes and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ edge modes, with Majorana zero modes and Majorana $\ensuremath{\pi}$ modes as examples protected by the particle-hole symmetry. This work advocates a new route to holonomic quantum computation by exploiting the co-existence of many Floquet SPT edge modes, all of which have trivial dynamical phases during a computation protocol. As compelling evidence supporting this ambitious goal, three pairs of Majorana edge modes, hosted by a periodically driven one-dimensional (1D) superconducting superlattice, are shown to suffice to encode two logical qubits, realize quantum gate operations, and execute two simple quantum algorithms through adiabatic lattice deformation. When compared with early studies on quantum computation based on Majorana zero modes of topological quantum wires, significant resource saving is now made possible by use of Floquet SPT phases.
We develop an approach to realizing a topological phase transition and non-Abelian braiding statistics with dynamically induced Floquet Majorana fermions (FMFs). When the periodic driving potential does not break fermion parity conservation, FMFs can encode quantum information. Quasienergy analysis shows that a stable FMF zero mode and two other satellite modes exist in a wide parameter space with large quasienergy gaps, which prevents transitions to other Floquet states under adiabatic driving. We also show that in the asymptotic limit FMFs preserve non-Abelian braiding statistics and, thus, behave like their equilibrium counterparts.