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arXiv:1808.06487

Toric Varieties and Codes, Error-correcting Codes, Quantum Codes, Secret Sharing and Decoding

Johan P. Hansen

Published Aug 20, 2018• 1 citation
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Abstract

Toric varieties and their associated toric codes, as well as determination of their parameters with intersection theory, are presented in the two dimensional case. Linear Secret Sharing Schemes with strong multiplication are constructed from toric varieties and codes by the J. L. Massey construction. Asymmetric Quantum Codes are obtained from toric codes by the A.R. Calderbank, P.W. Shor and A.M. Steane construction of stabilizer codes from linear codes containing their dual codes. Decoding of a class of toric codes is presented.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1808.06487

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Toric varieties and their associated toric codes, as well as determination of their parameters with intersection theory, are presented in the two dimensional case. Linear Secret Sharing Schemes with strong multiplication are constructed from toric varieties and codes by the J. L. Massey construction. Asymmetric Quantum Codes are obtained from toric codes by the A.R. Calderbank, P.W. Shor and A.M. Steane construction of stabilizer codes from linear codes containing their dual codes. Decoding of a class of toric codes is presented.
Quantum error correction is needed for future quantum computers. Classical error correcting codes are not suitable for this due to the nature of quantum mechanics. Therefore, new codes need to be developed. A promising candidate is the toric code, a surface code, because of its locality and its high error correcting capability and thresholds (the error probability below which increasing the size of the code decreases the failure rate). This thesis provides an introduction to quantum error correction and the stabilizer formalism, which is used to introduce the toric code. Several decoders are looked at, including the Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) decoder and a recently developed decoder, the Union-Find (UF) decoder. The UF decoder is useful because of its almost-linear time complexity, while only reducing the threshold by a marginal amount compared to the MWPM decoder. In this thesis, the time complexity of the weighted growth version of the UF decoder is analysed. The toric code and the decoders have been implemented and simulated, and the thresholds have been determined. For the MWPM decoder, the threshold was determined to be 11.5±0.2%, which is not in agreement with the threshold in literature of 10.3%, and should not be possible according to the optimal threshold of about 11%. This probably is a result of the low grid sizes (up to a gridsize of 11) of the code used due to the time needed to simulate the MWPM decoder. For the UF decoder, the threshold found was 9.7 ± 0.9%, which is in agreement with the threshold of 9.9% found by N. Delfosse and N. Nickerson. The time complexity of the UF decoder has also been determined, and is indeed almost-linear as expected by the analysis.
The goal of this paper is twofold. First, to provide a self contained, detailed and rigorous mathematical introduction to some aspects of the quantum error-correcting codes and especially quantum stabilizer codes and their connection to self-orthogonal linear codes. This has been done without venturing that much, if at all, into the world of physics. While most of the results presented are not new, it is not easy to extract a precise mathematical formulation of results and to provide their rigorous proofs by reading the vast number of papers in the field, quite a few of which are written by computer scientists or physicists. It is this formulation and proofs, some of which are new, that we present here. Techniques from algebra of finite fields as well as representations of finite abelian groups have been employed. The second goal is the construction of some stabilizer codes via self-orthogonal linear codes associated to algebraic curves.
Recently, Galindo et al. introduced the concept of asymmetric entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (AEAQECCs) from Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction. In general, it's difficult to determine the required number of maximally entangled states of an AEAQECC, which is associated with the dimension of the intersection of the two corresponding linear codes. Two linear codes are said to be a linear l-intersection pair if their intersection has dimension l. In this paper, all possible linear l-intersection pairs of MDS codes are given. As an application, we give a complete characterization of pure MDS AEAQECCs for all possible parameters.