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arXiv:1807.09300 · Optics Letters

Observation of scalable and deterministic multi-atom Dicke states in an atomic vapor

Shaogang Yu, Michael Titze, Yifu Zhu, Xiaojun Liu, Hebin Li

Published May 24, 2019• 65 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Dicke state is fundamentally responsible for many intriguing collective behaviors of many-body systems. To experimentally study how a property of multi-particle states scales with the number of particles, it is essential to have the capability of preparing and measuring multi-particle states with scalable and deterministic number of particles. We report the first observation of Dicke states consisting of two to seven atoms in an atomic vapor by using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. The unique capability to selectively access specific multi-atom Dicke states in atomic vapors can enable new studies of many-body physics in the presence of thermal motion and offer new opportunities to utilize multi-atom Dicke states for quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1364/ol.44.002795

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Many-body interactions and correlations in atomic ensembles are fundamental in understanding many-body effects such as collective and emergent phenomena and also play an important role in various atom-based applications. Optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) provides a powerful tool to measure many-body interactions and correlations. Here, we present the study of many-body dipole-dipole interactions and correlations in potassium and rubidium atomic vapors by using double-quantum and multi-quantum 2DCS. The results show that double-quantum 2DCS provides sensitive and background-free detection of weak dipole-dipole interaction between atoms with a mean separation up to about 16 μm, and multi-quantum 2DCS can excite and detect multi-atom states (Dicke states) with up to eight correlated atoms. The technique of optical 2DCS can provide a new approach to study many-body physics in atomic ensembles and can be potentially implemented to measure many-body effects in cold atoms and other atomic/molecular systems.
Abstract Two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) combined with dual-comb technology offers unprecedented resolution for probing many-body interactions and correlations in atomic vapors, yet its application to high-order multi-quantum transitions remains challenging due to weaker nonlinear signals and phase instability. Here, we demonstrate a triple-quantum dual-comb 2DCS technique that achieves λ/110 phase stability through digital correction, enabling the observation of velocity-synchronized Dicke states in a thermal rubidium vapor. By resolving collective hyperfine resonances of ⁸⁵Rb and ⁸⁷Rb isotopes with 100 MHz spectral resolution, we reveal that triple-quantum dipole-dipole correlations (0.95) surpass double-quantum counterparts (0.90), indicating tighter velocity matching in higher-order Dicke states. This work establishes a pathway for manipulating multi-atom correlations in Doppler-broadened systems and extends 2DCS to research the many-body interaction in semiconductor exciton and 2D materials.
Two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) combined with dual-comb technology offers unprecedented resolutionfor probing many-body interactions in atomic vapors, yet its application to high-order multi-quantumtransitions remainschallenging due to weaker nonlinear signals and phase instability. Here, we demonstrate a triple-quantumdual-comb2DCS technique that achieves λ/110 phase stability through digital correction, enabling the observation of velocity- synchronized Dicke states in a thermal rubidium vapor. By resolving collective hyperfine resonances of 85Rb and87Rbisotopes with 100 MHz spectral resolution, the titled and elongated ellipticity of the three-quantum peak line shape (0.94)is higher than that of the double-quantum (0.84), reveals that triple-quantum (TQS) correlations (0.95) surpass double-quantum counterparts (0.90), indicating tighter velocity matching in higher-order Dicke states. This work provides a pathway for manipulating multi-atom correlations in Doppler-broadened systems, and greatly assists to characterize complex hyperfine many-body interaction in semiconductor exciton and two-dimensional materials.
Quantum coherence of collective states plays a pivotal role in understanding many-body cooperative behaviors. Collective coherences between the ground state and excited states in potassium atoms were previously revealed; however, the coherence between collectively excited states has hitherto been overlooked, and its observation has remained challenging. Here we present a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of coherence effects in K atomic vapor using two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. By collecting zero-quantum, double-quantum, and double-quantum--zero-quantum two-dimensional spectra, distinct coherence signatures are spectroscopically accessible. The experimental spectra are well reproduced by numerically solving the time dependence of the Lindblad equation, and further analyses unveil nonradiative coherence as the origin of the observations. Our work provides comprehensive insight into the collective coherence effect in multiatom systems.