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arXiv:1804.11119 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Uncertainty-reality complementarity and entropic uncertainty relations

Łukasz Rudnicki

Published Oct 31, 2018• 13 citations
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Abstract

Abstract Reality of quantum observables, a feature of long-standing interest within foundations of quantum mechanics, has recently been quantified and deeply studied by means of entropic measures (Dieguez and Angelo 2018 Phys. Rev . A 97 022107). However, there is no state-independent ‘reality trade-off’ between non-commuting observables, as in certain systems all observables are real (Bilobran and Angelo 2015 Europhys. Lett . 112 40005). We show that the entropic uncertainty relation in the presence of quantum memory (Berta et al 2010 Nat. Phys . 6 659) perfectly supplements the discussed notion of reality, rendering trade-offs between reality and quantum uncertainty. State-independent complementarity inequalities involving entropic measures of both, uncertainty and reality, for two observables are presented.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/aaecf5

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Abstract Reality of quantum observables, a feature of long-standing interest within foundations of quantum mechanics, has recently been quantified and deeply studied by means of entropic measures (Dieguez and Angelo 2018 Phys. Rev . A 97 022107). However, there is no state-independent ‘reality trade-off’ between non-commuting observables, as in certain systems all observables are real (Bilobran and Angelo 2015 Europhys. Lett . 112 40005). We show that the entropic uncertainty relation in the presence of quantum memory (Berta et al 2010 Nat. Phys . 6 659) perfectly supplements the discussed notion of reality, rendering trade-offs between reality and quantum uncertainty. State-independent complementarity inequalities involving entropic measures of both, uncertainty and reality, for two observables are presented.
Entropic uncertainty relations demonstrate the intrinsic uncertainty of nature from an information-theory perspective. Recently, a quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation for multiple measurements was proposed by Wu et al. [Phys. Rev. A 106, 062219 (2022)]. Interestingly, the quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation for multiple measurement settings can be further generalized. In this work, we propose two complementary multipartite quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relations and our lower bounds depend on values of complementarity of the observables, (conditional) von Neumann entropies, Holevo quantities, and mutual information. As an illustration, we provide several typical cases to exhibit that our bounds are tighter and outperform the previous bounds.
The uncertainty principle brings out intrinsic quantum bounds on the precision of measuring non-commuting observables. Statistical outcomes in the measurement of incompatible observables reveal a trade-off on the sum of corresponding entropies. Massen-Uffink entropic uncertainty relation (Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1103 (1988)) constrains the sum of entropies associated with incompatible measurements. The entropic uncertainty principle in the presence of quantum memory (Nature Phys. 6, 659 (2010)) brought about a fascinating twist by showing that quantum side information, enabled due to entanglement, helps in beating the uncertainty of non-commuting observables. Here we explore the interplay between temporal correlations and uncertainty. We show that with the assistance of a prior quantum temporal information achieved by sequential observations on the same quantum system at different times, the uncertainty bound on entropies gets reduced.
Abstract Berta et al ’s uncertainty principle in the presence of quantum memory (Berta et al 2010 Nat. Phys . 6 659 ) reveals uncertainties with quantum side information between the observables. In the recent important work of Coles and Piani (2014 Phys. Rev . A 89 022112 ), the entropic sum is controlled by the first and second maximum overlaps between the two projective measurements. We generalize the entropic uncertainty relation in the presence of quantum memory and find the exact dependence on all d largest overlaps between two measurements on any d -dimensional Hilbert space. Our bound is rigorously shown to be strictly tighter than previous entropic bounds in the presence of quantum memory, which have potential applications to quantum cryptography with entanglement witnesses and quantum key distributions.
Entropic uncertainty relations provide an information-theoretic framework for quantifying the fundamental indeterminacy inherent in quantum mechanics. We propose more stringent quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relations for complete sets of mutually unbiased bases in multipartite scenarios. We present lower and upper bounds of the quantum uncertainties based on the complementarity of the observables, the purity of the measured state, the (conditional) von-Neumann entropies, the Holevo quantities and mutual information. The results are illustrated by several representative cases, showing that our bounds are tighter than and outperform previously existing bounds.
In presence of quantum memory [M. Berta, M. Christandl, R. Colbeck, J.M. Renes, and R. Renner, Nature Phys. 6, 659 (2010)] the lower bound of entropic uncertainty relation depends on amount of entanglement between the particle (on which two incompatible observable are measured) and the quantum memory. On other hand, fine grained uncertainty relation [J. Oppenheim and S. Wehner, Science 330, 1072 (2010)] gives the upper bound of winning non-local (CHSH) game. We construct similar kind of quantum game and relate two uncertainty relation for measurement of any two observable on the quantum system in presence of quantum memory and show there are certain region where the lower bound of entropic uncertainty relation in presents of quantum memory given by Berta et. al. should not be achieve by spin projective measurement.
The so-called preparation uncertainty that occurs in the quantum world can be understood well in purely operational terms, and its existence in any given theory, perhaps differently than in quantum mechanics, can be verified by examining only measurement statistics. Namely, one says that uncertainty occurs in some theory when for some pair of observables, there is no preparation that would exhibit deterministic statistics for both of them. However, the right-hand side of the uncertainty relation is not operational anymore if we do not insist that it is just the minimum of the left-hand side for a given theory. For example, in quantum mechanics, it is some function of two observables that must be computed within the quantum formalism. Also, while joint nonmeasurability of observables is an operational notion, the complementarity in Bohr's sense (i.e., in terms of information needed to describe the system) has not yet been expressed in purely operational terms. Here we propose a general operational framework that provides answers to the above issues. We introduce an operational definition of complementarity and further postulate that complementary observables have to exhibit uncertainty, which means that we propose to put the (operational) complementarity as the right-hand side of the uncertainty relation. In particular, we identify two different notions of uncertainty and complementarity for which the above principle holds in the quantum-mechanical realm. We also introduce postulates for the general measures of uncertainty and complementarity. In order to define quantifiers of complementarity we first turn to the simpler notion of independence that is defined solely in terms of the statistics of two observables. Importantly, for clean and extremal observables---i.e., ones that cannot be simulated irreducibly by other observables---any measure of independence reduces to the proper complementary measure. Finally, as an application of our general framework we define a number of complementarity indicators and show that they can be used to state uncertainty relations. One of them, assuming some natural symmetries, leads to the Tsirelson bound for the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. Lastly, we show that for a single system a variant of information causality called the information content principle, under the above symmetries, can be interpreted as an uncertainty relation in the above sense.