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arXiv:1804.09203 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Polarized cold cloud of thulium atom

V V Tsyganok, Vladimir Khlebnikov, E S Kalganova, D. A. Pershin, E T Davletov, I. S. Cojocaru, I. A. Luchnikov, A. V. Berezutskii, Vladislav Bushmakin, V N Sorokin, A V Akimov

Published Jul 19, 2018• 19 citations
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Abstract

Abstract Minimization of internal degrees of freedom is an important step in the cooling of atomic species to degeneracy temperature. Here, we report on the loading of 6 × 10 5 thulium atoms optically polarized at maximum possible magnetic quantum number m F = − 4 state into dipole trap operating at 532 nm. The purity of polarizations of the atoms was experimentally verified using a Stern–Gerlach-type experiment. Experimental measured polarization of the state is m F = − 3.91 ± 0.26 .

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/aad445

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Abstract Minimization of internal degrees of freedom is an important step in the cooling of atomic species to degeneracy temperature. Here, we report on the loading of 6 × 10 5 thulium atoms optically polarized at maximum possible magnetic quantum number m F = − 4 state into dipole trap operating at 532 nm. The purity of polarizations of the atoms was experimentally verified using a Stern–Gerlach-type experiment. Experimental measured polarization of the state is m F = − 3.91 ± 0.26 .
Abstract Dipolar ultracold gases are of great interest for quantum simulation experiments. The first step of such a simulation is deep cooling of atoms in a pre-specified internal state. The results of detailed studies of the formation of a spin-polarized cloud of thulium atoms in a dipole trap are presented. We have calibrated the magnetic field by means of radio-frequency Zeeman spectroscopy and measured the polarization of atoms in an optimized trap by the beam expansion method in a magnetic field gradient based on this calibration. We have obtained 1.1 × 106 atoms at a temperature of 27 μK with polarization 〈mF〉 = –3.95 ± 0.12.
For the first time ultra-cold thulium atoms were trapped in a magnetic quadrupole trap with a small field gradient (20 Gs cm -1 ). The atoms were loaded from a cloud containing 4 × 10 5 atoms that were preliminarily cooled in a magneto-optical trap to the sub-Doppler temperature of 80 μK. As many as 4 × 10 4 atoms were trapped in the magnetic trap at the temperature of 40 μK. By the character of trap population decay the lifetime of atoms was determined (0.5 s) and an upper estimate was obtained for the rate constant of inelastic binary collisions for spin-polarised thulium atoms in the ground state (g in < 10 -11 cm 3 s -1 ).
We report the theoretical prediction and measurement of a tune-out wavelength for the ground state of the thulium atom in a linearly polarized optical dipole trap with a wavelength of approximately 576 nm. The measurements were conducted using a combination of trap frequency and RF loss spectroscopy, thus making it possible to separate the scalar and tensor parts of the total polarizability without measurements in the range of negative total polarizability. The calculated tune-out wavelength is consistent with the measured one of 575.646−0.014+0.016575.646_{-0.014}^{+0.016}575.646−0.014+0.016​ nm in air. The existence of the zero in the polarizability for the Tm ground state was confirmed by the trap loss experiment, which also made it possible to refine the tune-out wavelength to 575.646−0.004+0.004575.646_{-0.004}^{+0.004}575.646−0.004+0.004​. Despite the presence of an imaginary part of the polarizability at some wavelengths, it was experimentally demonstrated that, with a proper choice of the dipole trap polarization, it was possible to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation of thulium atoms in the range from 575.348 to 575.689 nm, covering the tune-out wavelength.
Sub-Doppler laser cooling in a magneto-optical trap for thulium atoms at a wavelength of 410.6 nm has been experimentally studied. Without any dedicated molasses period of sub-Doppler cooling, the cloud of 3 × 106 atoms at a temperature of 25(5) μK was observed. The measured temperature is significantly lower than the Doppler limit of 240 μK for the cooling transition at 410.6 nm. The high efficiency of the sub-Doppler cooling process is due to a near-degeneracy of the Landé g-factors of the lower 4f 136s 2 (J = 7/2) and the upper 4f 125d 3/26s 2 (J = 9/2) cooling levels.
We propose to use the magnetic-dipole transition at coupling two ground state fine-structure components of thulium (Tm), as a 'clock transition' in optical clocks. We have demonstrated first stage laser cooling of Tm atoms down to a temperature of 25 K using a strong transition at and we have also shown preliminary results for second stage cooling using a weaker transition at (natural linewidth γ G = 350 kHz). Laser cooled atoms have been trapped in an optical dipole trap and in a 1D optical lattice operating near 532 nm.