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arXiv:1804.07320

Minimal resource to design spin-based quantum transistors

Alan C. Santos

Published Apr 19, 2018• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Designing quantum analogous of classical computers components is the heart of quantum information processors. In this sense, for quantum devices, quantum transistors are believed to be as necessary as the classical ones for classical devices. In this paper we design the smallest spin-based quantum transistor. In fact, while previous schemes explore entangled quantum state for simulating the performance of quantum transistors gate (open and close it), in this paper we show that such task can be achieved by a controllable external magnetic field in a three-spin quantum system. Thus, we could reduce the number of physical spins required to design the quantum transistor, since the gate in our transistor is composed by a single-spin, instead two-spin systems. To analyze the performance of our quantum transistor, we consider its robustness against two decohering environments.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1804.07320

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Designing quantum analogous of classical computers components is the heart of quantum information processors. In this sense, for quantum devices, quantum transistors are believed to be as necessary as the classical ones for classical devices. In this paper we design the smallest spin-based quantum transistor. In fact, while previous schemes explore entangled quantum state for simulating the performance of quantum transistors gate (open and close it), in this paper we show that such task can be achieved by a controllable external magnetic field in a three-spin quantum system. Thus, we could reduce the number of physical spins required to design the quantum transistor, since the gate in our transistor is composed by a single-spin, instead two-spin systems. To analyze the performance of our quantum transistor, we consider its robustness against two decohering environments.
Transistors play a vital role in classical computers, and their quantum mechanical counterparts could potentially be as important in quantum computers. Where a classical transistor is operated as a switch that either blocks or allows an electric current, the quantum transistor should operate on quantum information. In terms of a spin model the in-going quantum information is an arbitrary qubit state (spin-1/2 state). In this paper, we derive a model of four qubits with Heisenberg interactions that works as a quantum spin transistor, i.e. a system with perfect state transfer or perfect blockade depending on the state of two gate qubits. When the system is initialized the dynamics complete the gate operation, hence our protocol requires minimal external control. We propose a concrete implementation of the model using state-of-the-art superconducting circuits. Finally, we demonstrate that our proposal operates with high-fidelity under realistic decoherence.
As classical computers struggle to keep up with Moore's law, quantum computing may represent a big step in technology and yield significant improvement over classical computing for many important tasks. Building a quantum computer, however, is a daunting challenge since it requires good control but also good isolation from the environment to minimize decoherence. It is therefore important to realize quantum gates efficiently, using as few operations as possible, to reduce the amount of required control and operation time and thus improve the quantum state coherence. Here we propose a superconducting circuit for implementing a tunable spin chain consisting of a qutrit (three-level system analogous to spin-1) coupled to two qubits (spin-1/2). Our system can efficiently accomplish various quantum information tasks, including generation of entanglement of the two qubits and conditional three-qubit quantum gates, such as the Toffoli and Fredkin gates, which are universal for reversible classical computations. Furthermore, our system realizes a conditional geometric gate which may be used for holonomic (non-adiabatic) quantum computing. The efficiency, robustness and universality of our circuit makes it a promising candidate to serve as a building block for larger spin networks capable of performing involved quantum computational tasks.
Transistors are key elements for enabling computational hardware in both classical and quantum domains. Here we propose a voltage-gated spin transistor using itinerant electrons in the Hubbard model which acts at the level of single electron spins. Going beyond classical spintronics, it enables the controlling of the flow of quantum information between distant spin qubits. The transistor has two modes of operation, open and closed, which are realized by two different charge configurations in the gate of the transistor. In the closed mode, the spin information between source and drain is blocked while in the open mode we have free spin information exchange. The switching between the modes takes place within a fraction of the operation time which allows for several subsequent operations within the coherence time of the transistor. The system shows good resilience against several imperfections and opens up a practical application for quantum dot arrays.
Technological growth in the electronics industry has historically been measured by the number of transistors that can be crammed onto a single microchip. Unfortunately, all good things must come to an end; spectacular growth in the number of transistors on a chip requires spectacular reduction of the transistor size. For electrons in semiconductors, the laws of quantum mechanics take over at the nanometre scale, and the conventional wisdom for progress (transistor cramming) must be abandoned. This realization has stimulated extensive research on ways to exploit the spin (in addition to the orbital) degree of freedom of the electron, giving birth to the field of spintronics . Perhaps the most ambitious goal of spintronics is to realize complete control over the quantum mechanical nature of the relevant spins. This prospect has motivated a race to design and build a spintronic device capable of complete control over its quantum mechanical state, and ultimately, performing computations: a quantum computer. In this tutorial we summarize past and very recent developments which point the way to spin-based quantum computing in the solid state. After introducing a set of basic requirements for any quantum computer proposal, we offer a brief summary of some of the many theoretical proposals for solid-state quantum computers. We then focus on the Loss–DiVincenzo proposal for quantum computing with the spins of electrons confined to quantum dots. There are many obstacles to building such a quantum device. We address these, and survey recent theoretical, and then experimental progress in the field. To conclude the tutorial, we list some as-yet unrealized experiments, which would be crucial for the development of a quantum dot quantum computer.
Abstract. Technological growth in the electronics industry has historically been measured by the number of transistors that can be crammed onto a single microchip. Unfortunately, all good things must come to an end; spectacular growth in the number of transistors on a chip requires spectacular reduction of the transistor size. For electrons in semiconductors, the laws of quantum mechanics take over at the nanometre scale, and the conventional wisdom for progress (transistor cramming) must be abandoned. This realization has stimulated extensive research on ways to exploit the spin (in addition to the orbital) degree of freedom of the electron, giving birth to the field of spintronics. Perhaps the most ambitious goal of spintronics is to realize complete control over the quantum mechanical nature of the relevant spins. This prospect has motivated a race to design and build a spintronic device capable of complete control over its quantum mechanical state, and ultimately, performing computations: a quantum computer. In this tutorial we summarize past and very recent developments which point the way to spin-based quantum computing in the solid-state. After introducing a set of basic requirements for any quantum computer proposal, we offer a brief summary of some of the many theoretical proposals for solid-state quantum computers. We then focus on the Loss-DiVincenzo proposal for quantum computing with the spins of electrons confined to quantum dots. There are many obstacles to building such a quantum device. We address these, and survey recent theoretical, and then experimental progress in the field. To conclude the tutorial, we list some as-yet unrealized experiments, which would be crucial for the development of a quantumdot quantum computer. Recipes for spin-based quantum computing 2 1.
Controlling the flow of quantum information is a fundamental task for quantum computers, which is unpractical to realize on classical devices. Coherent devices which can process quantum states are thus required to route the quantum states yielding the information. In this paper we demonstrate experimentally the smallest quantum transistor for superconducting processors, composed of collector and emitter qubits, and the coupler. The interaction strength between the collector and emitter is controlled by tuning the frequency and the state of the gate qubit, effectively implementing a quantum switch. From the truth-table measurement (open-gate fidelity 93.38%, closed-gate fidelity 98.77%), we verify the high performance of the quantum transistor. We also show that taking into account the third energy level of the qubits is critical to achieving a high-fidelity transistor. The presented device has a strong potential for quantum information processes in superconducting platforms.