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arXiv:1804.01605 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Boson-lattice construction for anyon models

Belén Paredes

Published May 29, 2019• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Can we find a physical intuitive language to represent the complex mathematical properties of anyon models? Is there a hidden organization in the space of anyon models? Can we systematically construct complex anyon models from other, more simple, anyon models? This work is an attempt to understand and explore the anatomy of the space of anyon models. I develop a construction to systematically generate and interconnect anyon models. The construction is formulated in a very physical, visual, and intuitive manner. The complex mathematical properties of anyon models, usually expressed in the complex language of braided modular tensor categories, are described here using familiar simple physical concepts like bosons in lattices, Fock states, and tunneling Hamiltonians. The construction formalism is conceptually simple and appealing. As in a Lego construction, a set of building block anyon models are assembled to construct towers of other, more complex, anyon models. A principle of assembly is established that dictates how to articulate the building blocks, setting out the global blueprint for the constructed anyon model. By assembling sets of the simple Abelian ${\mathbb{Z}}_{n}$ anyon models, the construction succeeds in generating towers of well known nontrivial anyon models. Moreover, novel anyon models (nontabulated, to my knowledge) arise. Furthermore, by applying the construction principle to other building blocks, such as Ising or Fibonacci, further series of anyon models are generated. In an intriguing connection, the boson-lattice construction unveils an alluring duality between anyon models and curved space geometries. Bosons induce curvature in the lattice geometry. I disclose a geography in the space of anyon models, where one is engendered from another by deforming the geometry of space. Moreover, the potential of the boson-lattice construction can be further explored via the quantum simulation of the corresponding boson-lattice systems in the versatile accessible playground of atomic systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.99.205154

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Can we find a physical intuitive language to represent the complex mathematical properties of anyon models? Is there a hidden organization in the space of anyon models? Can we systematically construct complex anyon models from other, more simple, anyon models? This work is an attempt to understand and explore the anatomy of the space of anyon models. I develop a construction to systematically generate and interconnect anyon models. The construction is formulated in a very physical, visual, and intuitive manner. The complex mathematical properties of anyon models, usually expressed in the complex language of braided modular tensor categories, are described here using familiar simple physical concepts like bosons in lattices, Fock states, and tunneling Hamiltonians. The construction formalism is conceptually simple and appealing. As in a Lego construction, a set of building block anyon models are assembled to construct towers of other, more complex, anyon models. A principle of assembly is established that dictates how to articulate the building blocks, setting out the global blueprint for the constructed anyon model. By assembling sets of the simple Abelian Zn{\mathbb{Z}}_{n}Zn​ anyon models, the construction succeeds in generating towers of well known nontrivial anyon models. Moreover, novel anyon models (nontabulated, to my knowledge) arise. Furthermore, by applying the construction principle to other building blocks, such as Ising or Fibonacci, further series of anyon models are generated. In an intriguing connection, the boson-lattice construction unveils an alluring duality between anyon models and curved space geometries. Bosons induce curvature in the lattice geometry. I disclose a geography in the space of anyon models, where one is engendered from another by deforming the geometry of space. Moreover, the potential of the boson-lattice construction can be further explored via the quantum simulation of the corresponding boson-lattice systems in the versatile accessible playground of atomic systems.
Abstract Anyon models are algebraic structures that model universal topological properties in topological phases of matter and can be regarded as mathematical characterization of topological order in two spacial dimensions. It is conjectured that every anyon model, or mathematically unitary modular tensor category, can be realized as the representation category of some chiral conformal field theory, or mathematically vertex operator algebra/local conformal net. This conjecture is known to be true for abelian anyon models providing support for the conjecture. We reexamine abelian anyon models from several different angles. First anyon models are algebraic data for both topological quantum field theories and chiral conformal field theories. While it is known that each abelian anyon model can be realized by a quantum abelian Chern–Simons (CS) theory and chiral conformal field theory, the construction is not algorithmic. Our goal is to provide such an explicit algorithm for a K -matrix in CS theory and a positive definite even one for a lattice conformal field theory. Secondly anyon models and chiral conformal field theories underlie the bulk-edge correspondence for topological phases of matter. But there are interesting subtleties in this correspondence when stability of the edge theory and topological symmetry are taken into consideration. Therefore, our focus is on the algorithmic reconstruction of extremal chiral conformal field theories with small central charges. Finally we conjecture that a much stronger reconstruction holds for abelian anyon models: every abelian anyon model can be realized as the representation category of some non-lattice extremal vertex operator algebra generalizing the moonshine realization of the trivial anyon model.
Anyons are quasiparticles that may be realized in two dimensional systems. They come in two types, the simpler Abelian anyons and the more complex non-Abelian anyons. Both of these have been considered as a means for quantum computation, but non-Abelian anyons are usually assumed to be better suited to the task. Here we challenge this view, demonstrating that Abelian anyon models have as much potential as some simple non-Abelian models. First the means to perform quantum computation with Abelian anyon models is considered. These models, like many non-Abelian models, cannot realize universal quantum computation by braiding alone. Non-topological operations must be used in addition, whose complexity depends on the physical means by which the anyons are realized. Here we consider anyons based on spin lattice models, with single spin measurements playing the role of non-topological operations. The computational power achieved by various kinds of measurement is explored and the requirements for universality are determined. The possibility to simulate non-Abelian anyons using Abelian ones is then considered. Finally, a non-Abelian quantum memory is dissected in order to determine the means by which it provides fault-tolerant storage of information. This understanding is then employed to build equivalent quantum memories with Abelian anyon models. The methodology provides with the means to demonstrate that Abelian models have the capability to simulate non-Abelian anyons, and to realize the same computational power and fault-tolerance as non Abelian models. Apart from the intellectual interest in relating topological models with each other, and of understanding the properties of non-Abelian anyons in terms of the simpler Abelian ones, these results can also be applied in the lab. The simpler structure of Abelian anyons means that their physical realization is more straightforward. The demonstration of non-Abelian properties with Abelian models therefore allows features of non-Abelian anyons to be realized with present and near future technology. Based on this possibility, proposals are made here for proof of principle experiments.
Anyons in 2+12+12+1 dimensions are not only characterized by exotic braiding statistics but also by intricate fusion properties. Two anyons may fuse into multiple topological charge sectors, and associativity of fusing three anyons to produce a fixed charge sector is governed by FFF-symbols. While braiding invariants, such as the modular data, are typically complex valued, a complete description of general anyon models requires understanding the arithmetic properties of its fusion associativity data as well. The FFF-symbols for many of the most common 2+12+12+1d topological orders, including all Abelian anyon models as well as Fibonacci and Ising anyons, can be made real valued. We show this phenomenon is not universal by exhibiting braided fusion categories whose FFF-symbols cannot be made real. We call such FFF-symbols "inherently complex." The examples we study lack a charge-conjugation symmetry and our results are therefore consistent with the converse of a statement proved in a companion work linking real FFF-symbols in braided fusion categories with the existence of a suitable charge-conjugation symmetry. We analyse the smallest-rank braided fusion categories we know of with inherently complex FFF-symbols: Rep(Z7⋊Z3){\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3)Rep(Z7​⋊Z3​) and Rep(Z5⋊Z4){\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4)Rep(Z5​⋊Z4​). Consequently, the corresponding Z(Rep(Z7⋊Z3))\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3))Z(Rep(Z7​⋊Z3​)) and Z(Rep(Z5⋊Z4))\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4))Z(Rep(Z5​⋊Z4​)) anyon models also have inherently complex FFF-symbols. Our presentation connects these examples with recent results on classifying anyons beyond modular data.
Anyons obeying fractional exchange statistics arise naturally in two dimensions: Hard-core two-body constraints make the configuration space of particles not simply-connected. The braid group describes how topologically-inequivalent exchange paths can be associated to non-trivial geometric phases for abelian anyons. Braid-anyon exchange statistics can also be found in one dimension (1D), but this requires broken Galilean invariance to distinguish different ways for two anyons to exchange. However, recently it was shown that an alternative form of exchange statistics can occur in 1D because hard-core three-body constraints also make the configuration space not simply-connected. Instead of the braid group, the topology of exchange paths and their associated non-trivial geometric phases are described by the traid group. In this article we propose a first concrete model realizing this alternative form of anyonic exchange statistics. Starting from a bosonic lattice model that implements the desired geometric phases with number-dependent Peierls phases, we then define anyonic operators so that the kinetic energy term in the Hamiltonian becomes local and quadratic with respect to them. The ground-state of this traid-anyon-Hubbard model exhibits several indications of exchange statistics intermediate between bosons and fermions, as well as signs of emergent approximate Haldane exclusion statistics. The continuum limit results in a Galilean invariant Hamiltonian with eigenstates that correspond to previously constructed continuum wave functions for traid anyons. This provides not only an a-posteriori justification of our lattice model, but also shows that our construction serves as an intuitive approach to traid anyons, i.e. anyons intrinsic to 1D.
A convenient and effective way in the quantum double model to study anyons in a topological space with a tensor product structure is to create and braid anyons using ribbon operators connected to a common base site [A. Kitaev, Ann. Phys. (NY) 303, 2 (2003)]. We show how this scheme can be simulated in a physical system by constructing long ribbon operators connected to a base site that is placed far away. We describe how to move and braid anyons using these ribbon operators, and how to perform measurement on them. We also give the smallest scale of a system that is sufficient for proof-of-principle demonstration of our scheme.
It has been demonstrated numerically, mainly by considering ground state properties, that fractional quantum Hall physics can appear in lattice systems, but it is very difficult to study the anyons directly. Here, I propose to solve this problem by using conformal field theory to build semianalytical fractional quantum Hall lattice models having anyons in their ground states, and I carry out the construction explicitly for the family of bosonic and fermionic Laughlin states. This enables me to show directly that the braiding properties of the anyons are those expected from an analytical continuation of the wave functions and to compute properties such as internal structure, size, and charge of the anyons with simple Monte Carlo simulations. The models can also be used to study how the anyons behave when they approach or even pass through the edge of the sample. Finally, I compute the effective magnetic field seen by the anyons, which varies periodically due to the presence of the lattice.