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arXiv:1803.07714 · Physical Review A

Breathing-mode frequency of a strongly interacting Fermi gas across the two- to three-dimensional crossover

Umberto Toniolo, Brendan C. Mulkerin, Xia-Ji Liu, Hui Hu

Published Jun 26, 2018• 11 citations
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Abstract

We address the interplay between dimension and quantum anomaly on the breathing mode frequency of a strongly interacting Fermi gas harmonically trapped at zero temperature. Using a beyond-mean-field Gaussian pair fluctuation theory, we employ periodic boundary conditions to simulate the dimensionality of the system and impose a local-density approximation, with two different schemes, to model different trapping potentials in the tightly confined axial direction. By using a sum-rule approach, we compute the breathing mode frequency associated with a small variation of the trapping frequency along the weakly confined transverse direction and describe its behavior as a function of the dimensionality, from two to three dimensions, and of the interaction strength. We compare our predictions with previous calculations on the two-dimensional breathing mode anomaly and discuss their possible observation in ultracold Fermi gases of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$ atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.97.063622

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We address the interplay between dimension and quantum anomaly on the breathing mode frequency of a strongly interacting Fermi gas harmonically trapped at zero temperature. Using a beyond-mean-field Gaussian pair fluctuation theory, we employ periodic boundary conditions to simulate the dimensionality of the system and impose a local-density approximation, with two different schemes, to model different trapping potentials in the tightly confined axial direction. By using a sum-rule approach, we compute the breathing mode frequency associated with a small variation of the trapping frequency along the weakly confined transverse direction and describe its behavior as a function of the dimensionality, from two to three dimensions, and of the interaction strength. We compare our predictions with previous calculations on the two-dimensional breathing mode anomaly and discuss their possible observation in ultracold Fermi gases of 6Li^{6}\mathrm{Li}6Li and 40K^{40}\mathrm{K}40K atoms.
A harmonically trapped strongly interacting Fermi gas in two dimensions is anticipated to exhibit a quantum anomaly and possesses a breathing mode at frequencies different from a classical scale invariant value ωB=2ω⊥\omega_{B}=2\omega_{\perp}ωB​=2ω⊥​, where ω⊥\omega_{\perp}ω⊥​ is the frequency of the trapping potential. This quantum anomaly, however, has never been conclusively confirmed in current experiments {[}E. Vogt \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{108}, 070404 (2012); Holten \textit{et al.}, arXiv:1803.08879; Peppler \textit{et al.}, arXiv:1804.05102{]}. Here, we theoretically investigate the universal density equation of state and the breathing mode frequency of a unitary Fermi gas at the dimensional crossover from three to two dimensions. We find that the simple model of a two-dimensional strongly interacting Fermi gas with a single sss-wave scattering length is not adequate to describe the experiments, as commonly believed. A more complete description of quasi-two-dimensions leads to a much weaker quantum anomaly in the breathing mode frequency, consistent with the experimental observations.
We examine the breathing mode of a strongly interacting two-dimensional Fermi gas and the role of temperature on the anomalous breaking of scale invariance. By calculating the equation of state with different many-body TTT-matrix theories and the virial expansion, we obtain a hydrodynamic equation of the harmonically trapped Fermi gas (with trapping frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$) through the local density approximation. By solving the hydrodynamic equations, we determine the breathing mode frequencies as a function of interaction strength and temperature. We find that the breathing mode anomaly depends sensitively on both interaction strength and temperature. In particular, in the strongly interacting regime, we predict a significant downshift of the breathing mode frequency, below the scale invariant value of $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, for temperatures of the order of the Fermi temperature.
A two-dimensional (2D) harmonically trapped interacting Fermi gas is anticipated to exhibit a quantum anomaly and possesses a breathing mode at frequencies different from a classical scale-invariant value ω_{B}=2ω_{⊥}, where ω_{⊥} is the trapping frequency. The predicted maximum quantum anomaly (∼10%) has not been confirmed in experiments. Here, we theoretically investigate the zero-temperature density equation of state and the breathing mode frequency of an interacting Fermi superfluid at the dimensional crossover from three to two dimensions. We find that the simple model of a 2D Fermi gas with a single s-wave scattering length is not adequate to describe the experiments in the 2D limit, as commonly believed. A more complete description of quasi-2D leads to a much weaker quantum anomaly, consistent with the experimental observations. We clarify that the reduced quantum anomaly is due to the significant confinement-induced effective range of interactions.
We present an experimental investigation of collective oscillations in harmonically trapped Fermi gases through the crossover from two to three dimensions. Specifically, we measure the frequency of the radial monopole oscillation or breathing mode in highly oblate gases with tunable interactions. The breathing mode frequency is set by the adiabatic compressibility and probes the thermodynamic equation of state. In 2D, a dynamical scaling symmetry for atoms interacting via a δ potential predicts the breathing mode to occur at exactly twice the harmonic confinement frequency. However, a renormalized quantum treatment introduces a new length scale which breaks this classical scale invariance resulting in a so-called quantum anomaly. Our measurements deep in the 2D regime lie above the scale-invariant prediction for a range of interaction strengths providing evidence for the quantum anomaly and signifying the breakdown of an elementary δ-potential model of atomic interactions. By varying the atom number we can tune the chemical potential and see the breathing mode frequency evolve smoothly between the 2D to 3D thermodynamic limits.
We investigate the dimensional crossover from three to two dimensions in an ultracold Fermi gas across the whole BCS-BEC crossover. Of particular interest is the strongly interacting regime as strong correlations and pair fluctuations are more pronounced in reduced dimensions. Our results are obtained from first principles within the framework of the functional renormalization group (FRG). Here, the confinement of the transverse direction is imposed by means of periodic boundary conditions. We calculate the equation of state, the gap parameter at zero temperature, and the superfluid transition temperature across a wide range of transversal confinement length scales. Particular emphasis is put on the determination of the finite-temperature phase diagram for different confinement length scales. In the end, our results are compared with recent experimental observations and we discuss them in the context of other theoretical works.
For two-dimensional (2D) atomic Fermi gases in harmonic traps, the SO(2,1) symmetry is broken by the interatomic interaction explicitly via the contact correlation operator. Consequently, the frequency of the breathing mode ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$ of the 2D Fermi gas can be different from $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, with ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ the trapping frequency of harmonic potentials. At zero temperature, we use the sum rules of density correlation functions to yield upper bounds for ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$. We further calculate ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$ through the Euler equations in the hydrodynamic regime. The obtained value of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{B}$ satisfies the upper bounds and shows deviation from $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, which can be as large as about 88%8.