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arXiv:1803.07275 · New Journal of Physics

Geometric extension of Clauser–Horne inequality to more qubits

Arijit Dutta, Tschang-Uh Nahm, Jinhyoung Lee, Marek Żukowski

Published Sep 10, 2018• 4 citations
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Abstract

We propose a geometric multiparty extension of Clauser–Horne (CH) inequality. The standard CH inequality can be shown to be an implication of the fact that statistical separation between two events, A and B , defined as P ( A ⊕ B ) , where A ⊕ B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) , satisfies the axioms of a distance. Our extension for tripartite case is based on triangle inequalities for the statistical separations of three probabilistic events P ( A ⊕ B ⊕ C ) . We show that Mermin inequality can be retrieved from our extended CH inequality for three subsystems in a particular scenario. With our tripartite CH inequality, we investigate quantum violations by GHZ-type and W-type states. Our inequalities are compared to another type, so-called N -site CH inequality. In addition we argue how to generalize our method for more subsystems and measurement settings. Our method can be used to write down several Bell-type inequalities in a systematic manner.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/aadc78

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We propose a geometric multiparty extension of Clauser–Horne (CH) inequality. The standard CH inequality can be shown to be an implication of the fact that statistical separation between two events, A and B , defined as P ( A ⊕ B ) , where A ⊕ B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) , satisfies the axioms of a distance. Our extension for tripartite case is based on triangle inequalities for the statistical separations of three probabilistic events P ( A ⊕ B ⊕ C ) . We show that Mermin inequality can be retrieved from our extended CH inequality for three subsystems in a particular scenario. With our tripartite CH inequality, we investigate quantum violations by GHZ-type and W-type states. Our inequalities are compared to another type, so-called N -site CH inequality. In addition we argue how to generalize our method for more subsystems and measurement settings. Our method can be used to write down several Bell-type inequalities in a systematic manner.
The correlations between two qubits belonging to a three-qubit system can violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-Bell inequality beyond Tsirelson's bound [A. Cabello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 060403 (2002)]. We experimentally demonstrate such a violation by 7 standard deviations by using a three-photon polarization-entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state produced by Type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion. In addition, using part of our results, we obtain a violation of the Mermin inequality by 39 standard deviations.
In this paper we show a Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality for two three-level quantum systems or qutrits, alternative to the CH inequality given by Kaszlikowski et al. [Phys. Rev. A65, 032118 (2002)]. In contrast to this latter CH inequality, the new one is shown to be equivalent to the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality for two qutrits given by Collins et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 040404 (2002)]. Both the CH and CHSH inequalities exhibit the strongest resistance to noise for a nonmaximally entangled state for the case of two von Neumann measurements per site, as first shown by Acin et al. [Phys. Rev. A65, 052325 (2002)]. This equivalence, however, breaks down when one takes into account the less-than-perfect quantum efficiency of detectors. Indeed, for the noiseless case, the threshold quantum efficiency above which there is no local and realistic description of the experiment for the optimal choice of measurements is found to be [Formula: see text] for the CH inequality, whereas it is equal to [Formula: see text] for the CHSH inequality.
Violation of a Bell inequality guarantees the existence of quantum correlations in a shared quantum state. A pure bipartite quantum state, having nonvanishing quantum correlation, always violates a Bell inequality. Such correspondence is absent for multipartite pure quantum states in the case of multipartite correlation function Bell inequalities with two settings at each site. We establish a connection between the monogamy of Bell-inequality violation and multiparty quantum correlations for shared multisite quantum states. We believe that the relation is generic, as it is true for a number of different multisite measures that are defined from radically different perspectives. Precisely, we quantify the multisite-quantum-correlation content in the states by generalized geometric measure, a genuine multisite entanglement measure, as well as three monogamy-based multiparty-quantum-correlation measures, viz., 3-tangle, quantum-discord score, and quantum-work-deficit score. We find that generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and another single-parameter family of states, which we refer to as the special Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, have the status of extremal states in such relations.
Based on Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, we show a fruitful method to exploit Bell inequalities for multipartite qubit systems. These Bell inequalities are designed with a simpler architecture tailored to experimental demonstration. With the point of view of the stabilizer formalism, we suggest a method to investigate quantum nonlocality for multipartite systems. Under the optimal setting we derive a set of compact Mermin-type inequalities and then discuss quantum violations for generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GGHZ) states and two kinds of mixed states. Also, as an example, we reveal relationship between quantum nonlocality and four-partite entanglement for four-qubit GGHZ states.
In contrast to the widespread opinion that any separable quantum state satisfies every classical probabilistic constraint, we present a simple example where separable quantum state does not satisfy the original Bell inequality although the latter inequality, in its perfect correlation form, is valid for all joint classical measurements. In a very general setting, we discuss inequalities for joint experiments upon a bipartite quantum system. For any separable quantum state, we derive quantum analogs of the original Bell inequality and specify the conditions sufficient for a separable state to satisfy the original Bell inequality. We introduce the extended Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality and prove that, for any separable quantum state, this inequality holds for a variety of linear combinations.