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arXiv:1803.01539

Factorization of Linear Quantum Systems with Delayed Feedback

Gil Tabak, Ryan Hamerly, Hideo Mabuchi

Published Mar 5, 2018• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider the transfer functions describing the input-output relation for a class of linear open quantum systems involving feedback with nonzero time delays. We show how such transfer functions can be factorized into a product of terms which are transfer functions of canonical physically realizable components. We prove under certain conditions that this product converges, and can be approximated on compact sets. Thus our factorization can be interpreted as a (possibly infinite) cascade. Our result extends past work where linear open quantum systems with a state-space realization have been shown to have a pure cascade realization [Nurdin, H. I., Grivopoulos, S., & Petersen, I. R. (2016). The transfer function of generic linear quantum stochastic systems has a pure cascade realization. Automatica, 69, 324-333.]. The functions we consider are inherently non-Markovian, which is why in our case the resulting product may have infinitely many terms.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1803.01539

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We consider the transfer functions describing the input-output relation for a class of linear open quantum systems involving feedback with nonzero time delays. We show how such transfer functions can be factorized into a product of terms which are transfer functions of canonical physically realizable components. We prove under certain conditions that this product converges, and can be approximated on compact sets. Thus our factorization can be interpreted as a (possibly infinite) cascade. Our result extends past work where linear open quantum systems with a state-space realization have been shown to have a pure cascade realization [Nurdin, H. I., Grivopoulos, S., & Petersen, I. R. (2016). The transfer function of generic linear quantum stochastic systems has a pure cascade realization. Automatica, 69, 324-333.]. The functions we consider are inherently non-Markovian, which is why in our case the resulting product may have infinitely many terms.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that an arbitrary linear quantum stochastic system can be realized as a cascade connection of simpler one degree of freedom quantum harmonic oscillators together with a direct interaction Hamiltonian which is bilinear in the canonical operators of the oscillators. However, from an experimental point of view, realizations by pure cascading, without a direct interaction Hamiltonian, would be much simpler to implement and this raises the natural question of what class of linear quantum stochastic systems are realizable by cascading alone. This paper gives a precise characterization of this class of linear quantum stochastic systems and then it is proved that, in the weaker sense of transfer function realizability, all passive linear quantum stochastic systems belong to this class. A constructive example is given to show the transfer function realization of a two degrees of freedom passive linear quantum system by pure cascading.
The mathematical theory of quantum feedback networks has recently been developed [J. Gough and M. R. James, e-print arXiv:0804.3442v2] for general open quantum dynamical systems interacting with bosonic input fields. In this article we show, for the special case of linear dynamical Markovian systems with instantaneous feedback connections, that the transfer functions can be deduced and agree with the algebraic rules obtained in the nonlinear case. Using these rules, we derive the transfer functions for linear quantum systems in series, in cascade, and in feedback arrangements mediated by beam splitter devices.
Networks of open quantum systems with feedback have become an active area of research for applications such as quantum control, quantum communication and coherent information processing. A canonical formalism for the interconnection of open quantum systems using quantum stochastic differential equations (QSDEs) has been developed by Gough, James and co-workers and has been used to develop practical modeling approaches for complex quantum optical, microwave and optomechanical circuits/networks. In this paper we fill a significant gap in existing methodology by showing how trapped modes resulting from feedback via coupled channels with finite propagation delays can be identified systematically in a given passive linear network. Our method is based on the Blaschke-Potapov multiplicative factorization theorem for inner matrix-valued functions, which has been applied in the past to analog electronic networks. Our results provide a basis for extending the Quantum Hardware Description Language (QHDL) framework for automated quantum network model construction (Tezak et al. in Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 370(1979):5270-5290, 2012 ) to efficiently treat scenarios in which each interconnection of components has an associated signal propagation time delay.
The issue of realization of the transfer functions of Linear Quantum Stochastic Systems (LQSSs) is of fundamental importance for the practical applications of such systems, especially as coherent controllers for other quantum systems. So far, most works that addressed this problem have used cascade realizations. In this work, a new method is proposed, where the transfer function of a LQSS is realized by a series of a pre-processing linear static network, a reduced LQSS, and a post-processing linear static network. The introduction of the pre- and post-processing static networks leaves an intermediate reduced LQSS with a simple input/output structure, that is realized by a concatenation of simple cavities. A feedback connection of the cavities through a linear static network is used to produce the correct dynamics for the reduced system. The resulting realization provides a nice structural picture of the system. The key mathematical tool that allows for the construction of this realization, is an SVD-like decomposition for doubled-up matrices in Krein spaces. Illustrative examples are provided for the theory developed.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that an arbitrary linear quantum stochastic system can be realized as a cascade connection of simpler one degree of freedom quantum harmonic oscillators together with a direct interaction Hamiltonian which is bilinear in the canonical operators of the oscillators. However, from an experimental point of view, realizations by pure cascading, without a direct interaction Hamiltonian, would be much simpler to implement and this raises the natural question of what class of linear quantum stochastic systems are realizable by cascading alone. This technical note gives a precise characterization of this class of linear quantum stochastic systems and then it is proved that, in the weaker sense of transfer function realizability, all passive linear quantum stochastic systems belong to this class. A constructive example is given to show the transfer function realization of a two degrees of freedom passive linear quantum stochastic system by pure cascading.
This paper is concerned with a modified version of the frequency domain physical realizability (PR) condition for linear quantum systems. We consider open quantum systems whose dynamic variables satisfy the canonical commutation relations of an open quantum harmonic oscillator and are governed by linear quantum stochastic differential equations (QSDEs). In order to correspond to physical quantum systems, these QSDEs must satisfy PR conditions. We provide a relatively simple proof that the PR condition is equivalent to the frequency domain (J,J)-unitarity of the input-output transfer function and orthogonality of the feedthrough matrix of the system without the technical spectral assumptions required in previous work. We also show that the poles and transmission zeros associated with the transfer function of PR linear quantum systems are the mirror reflections of each other about the imaginary axis. An example is provided to illustrate the results.