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arXiv:1802.00138

Phase separation and hidden vortices induced by spin-orbit coupling in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

Li, Ji, Yanmei Yu, Kaijun Jiang, Wu‐Ming Liu

Published Feb 1, 2018• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We investigate phase separation and hidden vortices in spin-orbit coupled ferromagnetic BoseEinstein condensates with rotation and Rabi coupling. The hidden vortices are invisible in density distribution but are visible in phase distribution, which can carry angular momentum like the ordinary quantized vortices. In the absence of the rotation, we observe the phase separation induced by the spin-orbit coupling and determine the entire phase diagram of the existence of phase separation. For the rotation case, in addition to the phase separation, we demonstrate particularly that the spin-orbit coupling can result in the hidden vortices and hidden vortex-antivortex pairs. The corresponding entire phase diagrams are determined, depending on the interplay of the spin-orbit coupling strength, the rotation frequency, and Rabi frequency, which reveals the critical condition of the occurrence of the hidden vortices and vortex-antivortex pairs. The hidden vortices here are proved to be long-lived in the time scale of experiment by the dynamic analysis. These findings not only provide a clear illustration of the phase separation in spin-orbit coupled spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, but also open a new direction for investigating the hidden vortices in high-spin quantum system.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1802.00138

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We investigate phase separation and hidden vortices in spin-orbit coupled ferromagnetic BoseEinstein condensates with rotation and Rabi coupling. The hidden vortices are invisible in density distribution but are visible in phase distribution, which can carry angular momentum like the ordinary quantized vortices. In the absence of the rotation, we observe the phase separation induced by the spin-orbit coupling and determine the entire phase diagram of the existence of phase separation. For the rotation case, in addition to the phase separation, we demonstrate particularly that the spin-orbit coupling can result in the hidden vortices and hidden vortex-antivortex pairs. The corresponding entire phase diagrams are determined, depending on the interplay of the spin-orbit coupling strength, the rotation frequency, and Rabi frequency, which reveals the critical condition of the occurrence of the hidden vortices and vortex-antivortex pairs. The hidden vortices here are proved to be long-lived in the time scale of experiment by the dynamic analysis. These findings not only provide a clear illustration of the phase separation in spin-orbit coupled spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, but also open a new direction for investigating the hidden vortices in high-spin quantum system.
We consider a spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose–Einstein condensate with Rashba spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) in a double-well potential. For the nonrotating case, the ground state of the system is obtained by using the imaginary time propagation method, and a ground-state phase diagram is given with respect to the SOC strength and the DDI strength. It is shown that the nonrotating system sustains rich exotic ground-state phases including the ox-horn phase with hidden vortices and antivortices, density droplet phase with vortex–antivortex pairs, modulated stripe phase with vortex–antivortex chains, checkerboard phase with visible vortex–antivortex chains and hidden vortex–antivortex pairs, and the triangular vortex–antivortex lattice phase. For the rotating case, the dynamics of the system is investigated by using a phenomenological dissipation model. The effects of SOC, DDI and rotation on the unique dynamic behaviors of the rotating system and the final steady-state structures are revealed and analyzed. In particular, the rotating system supports fascinating novel spin textures and skyrmion excitations, and experiences a series of topological structure transitions such as the transitions from an interlaced skyrmion–antiskyrmion lattice pair to a skyrmion–meron lattice pair and then to a meron lattice pair.
We study vortex formation in a Bose-Einstein condensate in a rotating double-well potential. In addition to the ordinary quantized vortices and elusive ghost vortices, ``hidden'' vortices are found distributed along the central barrier. These hidden vortices are invisible like ghost vortices but carry angular momentum. Moreover, their core size is not given by the healing length, but is strongly influenced by the external potential. We find that the Feynman rule can be well satisfied only after including the hidden vortices. There is no critical rotation frequency for the formation of hidden vortices while there is one for the formation of ordinary visible vortices. Hidden vortices can be revealed in the free expansion of Bose-Einstein condensates. In addition, the hidden vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate can appear in other external potentials, such as a rotating anisotropic toroidal trap.
Static and dynamic properties of vortices in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate with Rashba spin-orbit coupling are investigated. The mass current around a vortex core in the plane-wave phase is found to be deformed by the spin-orbit coupling, and this makes the dynamics of the vortex pairs quite different from those in a scalar Bose-Einstein condensate. The velocity of a vortex-antivortex pair is much smaller than that without spin-orbit coupling, and there exist stationary states. Two vortices with the same circulation move away from each other or unite to form a stationary state.
We investigate the combined effects of spin-orbit coupling and rotation on the topological vortical phase transition in F=2F=2F=2 Bose-Einstein condensates. We find that the spin-orbit coupling can precisely manipulate the canonical atom current which is generated in the opposite direction of the gauge atom current and causes both a continuous and a discontinuous canonical angular momentum. We apply the canonical angular momentum and magnetization to reveal the emergence of novel topological excitations, such as the Anderson-Toulouse vortex as well as the vortex--dipole lattice. Especially, strong spin-orbit coupling can induce two perpendicular vortex chains. We also find that both the first-order and the second-order phase transition can be characterized by the canonical angular momentum and the magnetization. Differently from the spin singlet-pairing interaction, the spin-exchange interaction can adjust the canonical angular momentum and control the phase transition well. The topological vortical phase transition in an F=2F=2F=2 cold-atom system is compatible with the current experiment and can be detected by the spin polarization procedure.
We investigate the ground-state properties of spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates in spin-dependent optical lattices. The competition between the spin-orbit coupling strength and the depth of the optical lattice leads to a rich phase diagram. Without spin-orbit coupling, the spin-dependent optical lattices separate the condensates into alternating spin domains with opposite magnetization directions. With relatively weak spin-orbit coupling, the spin domain wall is dramatically changed from Néel wall to Bloch wall. For sufficiently strong spin-orbit coupling, vortex chains and antivortex chains are excited in the spin-up and spin-down domains respectively, corresponding to the formation of a lattice composed of meron-pairs and antimeron-pairs in the pseudospin representation. We also discuss how to observe these phenomena in real experiments.
Abstract We consider the topological defects and spin structures of spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates with spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and dipole–dipole interaction (DDI) in a rotating harmonic plus quartic trap. The combined effects of SOC, DDI and rotation on the ground-state phases of the system are analyzed. Our results show that for fixed rotation frequency structural phase transitions can be achieved by adjusting the magnitudes of the SOC and DDI. A ground-state phase diagram is given as a function of the SOC and DDI strengths. It is shown that the system exhibits rich quantum phases including vortex string phase with isolated density peaks (DPs), triangular (square) vortex lattice phase with DPs, checkerboard phase, and stripe phase with hidden vortices and antivortices. For given SOC and DDI strengths, the system can display pentagonal vortex lattice with DPs, vortex necklace with DPs, and exotic topological structure composed of multi-layer visible vortex necklaces, a hidden giant vortex and hidden vortex necklaces, depending on the rotation frequency. In addition, the system sustains fascinating novel spin textures and skyrmion excitations, such as an antiskyrmion pair, antiskyrmion-half-antiskyrmion (antiskyrmion–antimeron) cluster, skyrmion–antiskyrmion lattice, skyrmion–antiskyrmion cluster, skyrmion–antiskyrmion–meron–antimeron lattice, double-layer half-antiskyrmion necklaces, and composite giant-antiskyrmion–antimeron necklaces.