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arXiv:1711.10232 · Journal of Physics Communications

Dispersion measurement method with down conversion process

Marta Misiaszek, Andrzej Gajewski, Piotr Kolenderski

Published Jun 14, 2018• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Proper characterization of nonlinear crystals is essential for designing single photon sources. We show a technique for dispersion characterization of a nonlinear material by making use of phase matching in the process of parametric down conversion. We use our procedure to improve the Sellmeier coefficients measured by another methods. Our method is demonstrated on an exemplary periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate KTiOPO 4 crystal phase-matched for 396 nm to 532 nm and 1550 nm. We show a procedure to characterize the dispersion in the range of 390 to 1800 nm by means of only one spectrometer for the UV–visible range.

DOI
10.1088/2399-6528/aaccac

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Proper characterization of nonlinear crystals is essential for designing single photon sources. We show a technique for dispersion characterization of a nonlinear material by making use of phase matching in the process of parametric down conversion. We use our procedure to improve the Sellmeier coefficients measured by another methods. Our method is demonstrated on an exemplary periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate KTiOPO 4 crystal phase-matched for 396 nm to 532 nm and 1550 nm. We show a procedure to characterize the dispersion in the range of 390 to 1800 nm by means of only one spectrometer for the UV–visible range.
We have demonstrated recently the feasibility of controlling the spatial characteristics of photon pairs produced in a multimode waveguide through intermodal dispersion. Here we present experimental methods to characterise the spatial purity of the generated photons. Our sample was a 1 mm long periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) multimode waveguide suitable for type-II down-conversion producing photons in the 800 nm wavelength region. The phase matching function for these waveguides was characterized using the sum-frequency generation process, and the nonlinear process was carefully arranged to generate photons in fundamental spatial modes.
We theoretically investigate the properties of extended phase-matching (EPM) for spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in four kinds of potassium titanyl phosphate isomorphs ( i.e. , KTiOPO 4 , KTiOAsO 4 , RbTiOPO 4 , and RbTiOAsO 4 crystals). The technique is based on Type II 2nd-order nonlinear optic interaction in periodically poled ferroelectric domain structures, where a single photon with a frequency of 2 ω generates a pair of photons with frequencies of ω that are orthogonally polarized with respect to each other. Under EPM, both quasi-phase matching (QPM) and group velocity (GV) matching between interacting waves are efficiently satisfied for the generation of a pair of polarization-entangled bi-photon states with frequencies of ω . Our simulation results show that the generated photon pairs have broad spectral bandwidths of over 69 - 95 nm in tele-communication bands, which are much broader than those of the typical non-EPM case ( e.g. , ~ sub-nm bandwidth when only the QPM, not the GV matching, is achieved). We will describe the EPM properties of the four kinds of KTP isomorphs in terms of interaction type, GV matching wavelength, domain poling period, and spectral bandwidth. We highlight that the KTP isomorphs have nice potential as suitable components for constituting new quantum information processing systems.
The Periodically Poled Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (PPKTP) is a type of non linear crystal that serves as a source of production of entangled pairs of photons. The produced pair of photons, known as the Signal and Idler photons, possess unique characteristics within their entanglement that allow the production of new technologies such as quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation. The creation of the Signal and Idler photons occur through a process named Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC), which occurs when the pump laser beam penetrates a non linear medium. SPDC follows conservation of momentum and energy, thus imposing phase matching conditions on the generated photon pairs. These conditions result in specific space and frequency correlations of the photons. The aim of this project is to characterize the entangled photon pairs in their spatial profile and frequency spectrum, known as the Joint Spectrum.
We investigated the high-purity entangled photon-pair generation in five kinds of “non-poled” potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) isomorphs (i.e., KTiOPO4, RbTiOPO4, KTiOAsO4, RbTiOAsO4, and CsTiOAsO4). The technique is based on the spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) under Type II extended phase matching (EPM), where the phase matching and the group velocity matching are simultaneously achieved between the interacting photons in non-poled crystals rather than periodically poled (PP) KTPs that are widely used for quantum experiments. We discussed both theoretically and numerically all aspects required to generate photon pairs in non-poled KTP isomorphs, in terms of the range of the beam propagation direction (or the spectral range of photons) and the corresponding effective nonlinearities and beam walk-offs. We showed that the SPDC efficiency can be increased in non-poled KTP isomorphs by 29% to 77% compared to PPKTP cases. The joint spectral analyses showed that photon pairs can be generated with high purities of 0.995–0.997 with proper pump filtering. In contrast to the PPKTP case, where the EPM is achieved only at one specific wavelength, the spectral position of photon pairs in the non-poled KTP isomorphs can be chosen over the wide range of 1883.8–2068.1 nm.
A nonlinear process based on backward quasi-phase matching (BQPM) can be used to realize mirrorless optical parametric oscillation, the generation of paired photons with a separable joint spectral amplitude and narrow wavelength bandwidth, and the preparation of counterpropagating polarization-entangled photons, which shows distinct advantages over some applications based on forward quasi-phase matching. In this work, three types of BQPM in a bulk periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystal with a single period are theoretically analyzed. Experimentally, the harmonic wave generated by second-harmonic generation in type 0 and type I exhibits a narrow bandwidth of 15.5 GHz. Furthermore, photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion in all types of BQPM (type 0, type I, and type II) at 7th order are observed and characterized. Their coincidence-to-accidental ratios are all greater than 5 × 10 3 in the pump power range from 10 mW to 500 mW. This research lays the foundation for further applications of BQPM in nonlinear optics, quantum optics, and quantum information processing.