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arXiv:1711.09941 · Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Ryu-Takayanagi formula for symmetric random tensor networks

Goffredo Chirco, Daniele Oriti, Mingyi Zhang

Published Jun 8, 2018• 16 citations
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Abstract

We consider the special case of random tensor networks (RTNs) endowed with gauge symmetry constraints on each tensor. We compute the R\'enyi entropy for such states and recover the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula in the large-bond regime. The result provides first of all an interesting new extension of the existing derivations of the RT formula for RTNs. Moreover, this extension of the RTN formalism brings it in direct relation with (tensorial) group field theories (and spin networks), and thus provides new tools for realizing the tensor network/geometry duality in the context of background-independent quantum gravity, and for importing quantum gravity tools into tensor network research.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.97.126002

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We consider the special case of random tensor networks (RTNs) endowed with gauge symmetry constraints on each tensor. We compute the R'enyi entropy for such states and recover the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula in the large-bond regime. The result provides first of all an interesting new extension of the existing derivations of the RT formula for RTNs. Moreover, this extension of the RTN formalism brings it in direct relation with (tensorial) group field theories (and spin networks), and thus provides new tools for realizing the tensor network/geometry duality in the context of background-independent quantum gravity, and for importing quantum gravity tools into tensor network research.
Abstract We introduce a generalised class of (symmetric) random tensor network states in the framework of group field theory. In this setting, we compute the Rényi entropy for a generic bipartite state via a mapping to the partition function of a topological 3D BF theory, realised as a simple interacting group field theory. The expectation value of the entanglement entropy is calculated by an expansion into stranded Feynman graphs and is shown to be captured by a Ryu–Takayanagi formula. For the simple case of a 3D BF theory, we can prove the linear corrections, given by a polynomial perturbation of the Gaussian measure, to be negligible for a broad class of networks.
Abstract The Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula plays a large role in the current theory of gauge-gravity duality and emergent geometry phenomena. The recent reinterpretation of this formula in terms of a set of “bit threads” is an interesting effort in understanding holography. In this study, we investigate a quantum generalization of the “bit threads” based on a tensor network, with particular focus on the multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA). We demonstrate that, in the large c limit, isometries of the MERA can be regarded as “sources” (or “sinks”) of the information flow, which extensively modifies the original picture of bit threads by introducing a new variable ρ: density of the isometries. In this modified picture of information flow, the isometries can be viewed as generators of the flow. The strong subadditivity and related properties of the entanglement entropy are also obtained in this new picture. The large c limit implies that classical gravity can emerge from the information flow.
We derive the Ryu–Takayanagi (RT) formula for holographic entanglement entropy from a resource-allocation principle. We model bulk reconstruction as a budget-constrained distributed optimization problem: spacelike-separated boundary observers must decide which bulk operators to reconstruct under a shared budget, without communicating their local inputs. We prove three results. (1) Any local (non-communicating) protocol for this game achieves expected utility at most 1/2, while a centralized protocol achieves 2/3; the gap Δ = 1/6 is tight. (2) The information cost of closing this gap is O(1) bits per degree of freedom, with residual loss decaying as 4−k in the number of communicated bits k. (3) In holographic tensor networks (HaPPY codes and random tensor networks), the allocation decisions across distinct bonds on the minimal surface are independent, so the total information cost sums linearly: S(A) = |γA| log2 χ, reproducing the RT formula. The derivation is non-circular: the RT formula emerges as the output, not an input. We identify the bipartite inefficiency ratio η(2) = 1/4 and discuss its possible connection to the Bekenstein–Hawking prefactor. We also characterize the entanglement wedge phase transition as a discrete reallocation event in the bond-level optimization landscape.Extended proofs available at doi:10.5281/zenodo.19213268.
Tensor networks provide a natural framework for exploring holographic duality because they obey entanglement area laws. They have been used to construct explicit toy models realizing many of the interesting structural features of the AdS/CFT correspondence, including the non-uniqueness of bulk operator reconstruction in the boundary theory. In this article, we explore the holographic properties of networks of random tensors. We find that our models naturally incorporate many features that are analogous to those of the AdS/CFT correspondence. When the bond dimension of the tensors is large, we show that the entanglement entropy of all boundary regions, whether connected or not, obey the Ryu-Takayanagi entropy formula, a fact closely related to known properties of the multipartite entanglement of assistance. We also discuss the behavior of Rényi entropies in our models and contrast it with AdS/CFT. Moreover, we find that each boundary region faithfully encodes the physics of the entire bulk entanglement wedge, i.e., the bulk region enclosed by the boundary region and the minimal surface. Our method is to interpret the average over random tensors as the partition function of a classical ferromagnetic Ising model, so that the minimal surfaces of Ryu-Takayanagi appear as domain walls. Upon including the analog of a bulk field, we find that our model reproduces the expected corrections to the Ryu-Takayanagi formula: the bulk minimal surface is displaced and the entropy is augmented by the entanglement of the bulk field. Increasing the entanglement of the bulk field ultimately changes the minimal surface behavior topologically, in a way similar to the effect of creating a black hole. Extrapolating bulk correlation functions to the boundary permits the calculation of the scaling dimensions of boundary operators, which exhibit a large gap between a small number of low-dimension operators and the rest. While we are primarily motivated by the AdS/CFT duality, the main results of the article define a more general form of bulk-boundary correspondence which could be useful for extending holography to other spacetimes.