Embedded random matrix ensembles generated by random interactions (of low body rank and usually two-body) in the presence of a one-body mean field, introduced in nuclear structure physics, are now established to be indispensable in describing statistical properties of a large number of isolated finite quantum many-particle systems. Lie algebra symmetries of the interactions, as identified from nuclear shell model and the interacting boson model, led to the introduction of a variety of embedded ensembles (EEs). These ensembles with a mean field and chaos generating two-body interaction generate in three different stages, delocalization of wave functions in the Fock space of the mean-field basis states. The last stage corresponds to what one may call thermalization and complex nuclei, as seen from many shell model calculations, lie in this region. Besides briefly describing them, their recent applications to nuclear structure are presented and they are (i) nuclear level densities with interactions; (ii) orbit occupancies; (iii) neutrinoless double beta decay nuclear transition matrix elements as transition strengths. In addition, their applications are also presented briefly that go beyond nuclear structure and they are (i) fidelity, decoherence, entanglement and thermalization in isolated finite quantum systems with interactions; (ii) quantum transport in disordered networks connected by many-body interactions with centrosymmetry; (iii) semicircle to Gaussian transition in eigenvalue densities with [Formula: see text]-body random interactions and its relation to the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model for majorana fermions.
In finite many-body quantum systems such as nuclei, atoms, mesoscopic systems like quantum dots and small metallic grains, interacting spin systems modeling quantum computing core and BEC, the interparticle interactions are essentially two-body in nature. Therefore, it is more appropriate to represent the complex Hamiltonian of these systems by random ensembles that incorporate the two-body nature of interactions. These ensembles are generically called embedded Gaussian ensembles (EGEs). The aim of the present thesis is to identify and systematically analyze many different physically relevant EGEs with symmetries by considering a variety of quantities and measures that are important for isolated finite interacting quantum systems.
Embedded ensembles or random matrix ensembles generated by k-body interactions acting in many-particle spaces are now well established to be paradigmatic models for many-body chaos and thermalization in isolated finite quantum (fermion or boson) systems. In this article, briefly discussed are (i) various embedded ensembles with Lie algebraic symmetries for fermion and boson systems and their extensions (for Majorana fermions, with point group symmetries etc.); (ii) results generated by these ensembles for various aspects of chaos, thermalization and statistical relaxation, including the role of q-hermite polynomials in k-body ensembles; and (iii) analyses of numerical and experimental data for level fluctuations for trapped boson systems and results for statistical relaxation and decoherence in these systems with close relations to results from embedded ensembles.
Embedded random matrix ensembles are generic models for describing statistical properties of finite isolated quantum many-particle systems. For the simplest spinless fermion (or boson) systems with say
m fermions (or bosons) in
N single particle states and interacting with say
k-body interactions, we have EGUE(
k) [embedded GUE of
k-body interactions) with GUE embedding and the embedding algebra is
U(N). In this paper, using EGUE(
k) representation for a Hamiltonian that is
k-body and an independent EGUE(
t) representation for a transition operator that is
t-body and employing the embedding
U(N) algebra, finite-
N formulas for moments up to order four are derived, for the first time, for the transition strength densities (transition strengths multiplied by the density of states at the initial and final energies). In the asymptotic limit, these formulas reduce to those derived for the EGOE version and establish that in general bivariate transition strength densities take bivariate Gaussian form for isolated finite quantum systems. Extension of these results for other types of transition operators and EGUE ensembles with further symmetries are discussed.
Embedded random matrix ensembles are generic models for describing statistical properties of finite isolated quantum many-particle systems. For the simplest spinless fermion (or boson) systems with say m fermions (or bosons) in N single particle states and interacting with say k-body interactions, we have EGUE(k) [embedded GUE of k-body interactions) with GUE embedding and the embedding algebra is U(N). In this paper, using EGUE(k) representation for a Hamiltonian that is fc-body and an independent EGUE(t) representation for a transition operator that is t-body and employing the embedding U(N) algebra, finite-N formulas for moments up to order four are derived, for the first time, for the transition strength densities (transition strengths multiplied by the density of states at the initial and final energies). In the asymptotic limit, these formulas reduce to those derived for the EGOE version and establish that in general bivariate transition strength densities take bivariate Gaussian form for isolated finite quantum systems. Extension of these results for other types of transition operators and EGUE ensembles with further symmetries are discussed.
Embedded random matrix ensembles operating in nuclear shell model spaces, with nucleons occupying a finite set of single particle orbits and interacting via a two-body interaction, form the basis for statistical shell model. With sufficiently strong interaction, the level densities in shell model spaces take close to a Gaussian form and transition strength distributions close to a bivariate Gaussian form. In practice, partitioning via spherical configurations (
m~) and angular momentum
J (also isospin where appropriate) are essential. The resulting statistical spectroscopy or statistical shell model was applied successfully in the past in some studies of nuclear level densities, orbit occupancies,
β-decay matrix elements and so on. Going beyond these, recently it is recognized that embedded ensembles, in a better approximation, generate in-fact
q-normal form (
q=1 gives Gaussian and
q=0 Wigner's semi-circle) for density of eigenvalues, bivariate
q-normal form for transition strengths and conditional
q-normal form for strength functions. These then allow us to develop statistical shell model with
q-normal forms. These new developments in embedded ensembles and statistical shell model are briefly reviewed in this paper. Also described, using some examples, is the role of the
q parameter in generating statistical properties of general quantum many-particle systems.