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arXiv:1710.03769 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Quantum jumps on Anderson attractors

Igor Yusipov, Tetyana V. Laptyeva, Mikhail Ivanchenko

Published Jan 11, 2018• 15 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In a closed single-particle quantum system, spatial disorder induces Anderson localization of eigenstates and halts wave propagation. The phenomenon is vulnerable to interaction with environment and decoherence that is believed to restore normal diffusion. We demonstrate that for a class of experimentally feasible non-Hermitian dissipators, which admit signatures of localization in asymptotic states, quantum particle opts between diffusive and ballistic regimes, depending on the phase parameter of dissipators, with sticking about localization centers. In a diffusive regime, statistics of quantum jumps is non-Poissonian and has a power-law interval, a footprint of intermittent locking in Anderson modes. Ballistic propagation reflects dispersion of an ordered lattice and introduces the second timescale for jumps, resulting in non-nonmonotonous probability distribution. Hermitian dephasing dissipation makes localization features vanish, and Poissonian jump statistics along with normal diffusion are recovered.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.97.020301

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In a closed single-particle quantum system, spatial disorder induces Anderson localization of eigenstates and halts wave propagation. The phenomenon is vulnerable to interaction with environment and decoherence that is believed to restore normal diffusion. We demonstrate that for a class of experimentally feasible non-Hermitian dissipators, which admit signatures of localization in asymptotic states, quantum particle opts between diffusive and ballistic regimes, depending on the phase parameter of dissipators, with sticking about localization centers. In a diffusive regime, statistics of quantum jumps is non-Poissonian and has a power-law interval, a footprint of intermittent locking in Anderson modes. Ballistic propagation reflects dispersion of an ordered lattice and introduces the second timescale for jumps, resulting in non-nonmonotonous probability distribution. Hermitian dephasing dissipation makes localization features vanish, and Poissonian jump statistics along with normal diffusion are recovered.
In an isolated single-particle quantum system, a spatial disorder can induce Anderson localization. Being a result of interference, this phenomenon is expected to be fragile in the face of dissipation. Here we show that a proper dissipation can drive a disordered system into a steady state with tunable localization properties. This can be achieved with a set of identical dissipative operators, each one acting nontrivially on a pair of sites. Operators are parametrized by a uniform phase, which controls the selection of Anderson modes contributing to the state. On the microscopic level, quantum trajectories of a system in the asymptotic regime exhibit intermittent dynamics consisting of long-time sticking events near selected modes interrupted by intermode jumps.
We investigate the impact of decoherence and static disorder on the dynamics of quantum particles moving in a periodic lattice. Our experiment relies on the photonic implementation of a one-dimensional quantum walk. The pure quantum evolution is characterized by a ballistic spread of a photon's wave packet along 28 steps. By applying controlled time-dependent operations we simulate three different environmental influences on the system, resulting in a fast ballistic spread, a diffusive classical walk, and the first Anderson localization in a discrete quantum walk architecture.
Abstract We investigate the equilibration of a small isolated quantum system by means of its matrix of asymptotic transition probabilities in a preferential basis. The trace of this matrix is shown to measure the degree of equilibration of the system launched from a typical state, from the standpoint of the chosen basis. This approach is substantiated by an in-depth study of the example of a tight-binding particle in one dimension. In the regime of free ballistic propagation, the above trace saturates to a finite limit, testifying good equilibration. In the presence of a random potential, the trace grows linearly with the system size, testifying poor equilibration in the insulating regime induced by Anderson localization. In the weak-disorder situation of most interest, a universal finite-size scaling law describes the crossover between the ballistic and localized regimes. The associated crossover exponent 2/3 is dictated by the anomalous band-edge scaling characterizing the most localized energy eigenstates.
Decoherence and dissipation, arising from unavoidable interactions with the environment, can exert a dual influence on transport in physical systems, suppressing coherent propagation while inducing diffusion and mitigating localization in disordered systems. Non-Hermitian physics reveals a qualitatively different scenario, in which structured dissipation can induce directional bulk-to-boundary transport, known as the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE), that remains robust against disorder. Whether such transport can persist, be enhanced or hindered under decoherence, remains a largely open question. Here we experimentally address this question using photonic quantum walks with two tunable prototypical decoherence channels, dephasing and amplitude damping. Under dephasing, the NHSE survives up to the fully incoherent regime and is observed to even be enhanced by dephasing, yielding drift velocities that exceed those of coherent dynamics. By contrast, amplitude damping shows a pronounced order dependence: applied before the non-Hermitian loss operator, it suppresses and ultimately eliminates the NHSE in the fully incoherent limit; applied afterward, the NHSE persists and can be enhanced at sufficiently large loss strengths. Our work bridges quantum and classical non-Hermitian dynamics, demonstrates the resilience of the NHSE to decoherence, and opens avenues for harnessing decoherence to enhance directional transport in noisy, nonequilibrium systems.
We study a Lindbladian generalization of the Anderson model of localization that describes disordered free fermions coupled to a disordered environment. From finite-size scaling of both eigenvalue statistics and the participation ratio, we identify localization transitions in both the non-Hermitian Lindbladian spectrum, which governs transient relaxation dynamics, and the Hermitian stationary state density matrix. These localization transitions occur at different critical values of the Hamiltonian and dissipative disorder strength, implying the existence of unconventional phases with a mixture of localized and delocalized features. We find that this phenomenon is robust to changes in the value of the dissipative spectral gap.
In the context of an isolated three-dimensional noninteracting fermionic lattice system, we study the effects of a sudden quench between a disorder-free situation and one in which disorder results in a mobility edge and associated Anderson localization. Salient post-quench features hinge upon the overlap between momentum states and post-quench eigenstates and whether these latter states are extended or localized. We find that the post-quench momentum distribution directly reflects these overlaps. For the local density, we show that disorder generically prevents the equilibration of quantum expectation values to a steady state and that the persistent fluctuations have a \textit{nonmonotonic} dependence on the strength of disorder. We identify two distinct types of fluctuations, namely, temporal fluctuations describing the time-dependent fluctuations of the local density around its time average and sample-to-sample fluctuations characterizing the variations of these time averages from one realization of disorder to another. We demonstrate that both of these fluctuations vanish for extremely extended as well as extremely localized states, peaking at some intermediate value. The post-quench behavior captures crucial features of the Anderson localization transition through these fluctuations.