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arXiv:1709.01387

Quantum machines with classical control

Paulo Mateus, Daowen Qiu, André Souto

Published Sep 4, 2017• 0 citations
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Abstract

Herein we survey the main results concerning quantum automata and machines with classical control. These machines were originally proposed by Sernadas et al in [37], during the FCT QuantLog project. First, we focus on the expressivity of quantum automata with both quantum and classical states. We revise the result obtained in [32] where it was proved that such automata are able to recognise, with exponentially less states than deterministic finite automata, a family of regular languages that cannot be recognised by other types of quantum automata. Finally, we revise the concept of quantum Turing machine with classical control introduced in [25]. The novelty of these machines consists in the fact that their termination problem is completely deterministic, in opposition to other notions in the literature. Concretely, we revisit the result that such machines fulfil the s-m-n property, while keeping the expressivity of a quantum model for computation.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1709.01387

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Herein we survey the main results concerning quantum automata and machines with classical control. These machines were originally proposed by Sernadas et al in [37], during the FCT QuantLog project. First, we focus on the expressivity of quantum automata with both quantum and classical states. We revise the result obtained in [32] where it was proved that such automata are able to recognise, with exponentially less states than deterministic finite automata, a family of regular languages that cannot be recognised by other types of quantum automata. Finally, we revise the concept of quantum Turing machine with classical control introduced in [25]. The novelty of these machines consists in the fact that their termination problem is completely deterministic, in opposition to other notions in the literature. Concretely, we revisit the result that such machines fulfil the s-m-n property, while keeping the expressivity of a quantum model for computation.
Quantum finite automata were introduced by C.Moore and J.P.Crutchfield in [MC 97] and by A.Kondacs and J.Watrous in [KW 97]. This notion is not a generalization of the deterministic finite automata, but rather a generalization of deterministic reversible (permutation) automata. In [AF 98] A.Ambainis and R.Freivalds raised the question what kind of probabilistic automata can be viewed as a special case of quantum finite automata. To answer that question and study relationship between quantum finite automata and probabilistic finite automata, we introduce a notion of probabilistic reversible automata (PRA, or doubly stochastic automata). We give the necessary condition for a language to be recognized by PRA. We find that there is a strong relationship between different possible models of PRA and corresponding models of quantum finite automata. In these thesis we regard quantum automata, probabilistic reversible and deterministic reversible automata as reversible automata. At least two non-equivalent definitions of language recognition are used for one-way reversible finite automata in various papers. Both of these definitions have their own advantages and disadvantages, summarized in our classification of one-way reversible automata. Further, we introduce a notion of quantum finite multitape automata and prove that there is a language recognized by a quantum finite multitape automaton but not by deterministic finite multitape automata. Additionally we discover unexpected probabilistic automata recognizing complicated languages. Finally, we revise the concept of quantum pushdown automata (QPA), first introduced by C.Moore and J.P.Cruthchfield in [MC 97]. We give the definition of QPA in a non-equivalent way, including unitarity criteria, by using the definition of quantum finite automata of [KW 97]. It is established that the unitary criteria of QPA are not equivalent to the corresponding unitary criteria of quantum Turing machines [BV 97]. We show that QPA can recognize every regular language. We also present some simple non-context-free languages recognized by QPA (hence not recognizable by deterministic and nondeterministic pushdown automata).
This paper proposed a quantum analogue of classical queue automata by using the definition of the quantum Turing machine and quantum finite-state automata. However, quantum automata equipped with storage medium of a stack has been considered, but the concept of quantum queue automata has not been introduced so far. The classical Turing machines can be simulated by classical queue automata. Motivated by the efficiency of the quantum Turing machine and nature of classical queue automata, we have introduced the notion of quantum queue automata using unitary criteria. Our contributions are as follows. We have also introduced a generalization of real-time deterministic queue automata, the real-time quantum queue automata which work in real-time i.e. the input head can move towards the right direction only and takes exactly one step per input symbol. We have shown that real-time quantum queue automata is more superior than its real-time classical variants by using quantum transitions. We have proved the existence of the language that can be recognized by real-time quantum queue automata and cannot be recognized by real-time deterministic (reversible) queue automata. Further, we have shown that there is a language that can be recognized by real-time quantum queue automata but not by real-time non-deterministic queue automata.
In this thesis, we introduce a new quantum Turing machine (QTM) model that supports general quantum operators, together with its pushdown, counter, and finite automaton variants, and examine the computational power of classical and quantum machines using small space bounds in many different cases. The main contributions are summarized below. Firstly, we consider QTMs in the unbounded error setting: (i) in some cases of sublogarithmic space bounds, the class of languages recognized by QTMs is shown to be strictly larger than that of classical ones; (ii) in constant space bounds, the same result can still be obtained for restricted QTMs; (iii) the complete characterization of the class of languages recognized by realtime constant space nondeterministic QTMs is given. Secondly, we consider constant space-bounded QTMs in the bounded error setting: (i) we introduce a new type of quantum and probabilistic finite automata (QFAs and PFAs, respectively,) with a special two-way input head which is not allowed to be stationary or move to the left but has the capability to reset itself to its starting position; (ii) the computational power of this type of quantum machine is shown to be superior to that of the probabilistic machine; (iii) based on these models, two-way PFAs and two-way classical-head QFAs are shown to be more succinct than two-way nondeterministic finite automata and their one-way variants; (iv) we also introduce PFAs and QFAs with postselection with their bounded error language classes, and give many characterizations of them. Thirdly, the computational power of realtime QFAs augmented with a write-only memory is investigated by showing many simulation results for different kinds of counter automata. Finally, some lower bounds of realtime classical Turing machines in order to recognize a nonregular language are shown to be tight.
Bertoni et al. introduced in Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2710 (2003) 1–20 a new model of 1-way quantum finite automaton (1qfa) called 1qfa with control language (1qfc). This model, whose recognizing power is exactly the class of regular languages, generalizes main models of 1qfa's proposed in the literature. Here, we investigate some properties of 1qfc's. In particular, we provide algorithms for constructing 1qfc's accepting the inverse homomorphic images and quotients of languages accepted by 1qfc's. Moreover, we give instances of binary regular languages on which 1qfc's are proved to be more succinct (i.e. , to have less states) than the corresponding classical (deterministic) automata.
Lots of efforts in the last decades have been done to prove or disprove whether the set of polynomially bounded problems is equal to the set of polynomially verifiable problems. This paper will present an overview of the current beliefs of quantum complexity theorists and discussion detail the impacts these beliefs may have on the future of the field. We introduce a new form of Turing machine based on the concepts of quantum mechanics and investigate the domain of this novel definition for computation. The main object is to show the domain of these computation machines and the new definition of algorithms using these automata. In section one we give a brief fundamental overview of classical complexity theory, Turing machine and all the fundamental concepts required for the next chapters. In section two we describe various classes of classical complexity automata. In next chapter we introduce quantum complexity featuring quantum Turing machines and discuss its relationship to classical complexity. Section four presents a relationship between quantum complexity classes based on the quantum Turing machines and quantum oracles, and their relationship with corresponding classical complexity classes. And section five presents a discussion on the practical phenomena in problem solving using quantum computers. Finally in section five we speculate briefly on the direction we believe the field to be headed, and what might reasonably be expected in the future