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arXiv:1708.08909 · Physical Review A

Quantum compiling with diffusive sets of gates

Yertay Zhiyenbayev, V. M. Akulin, Aikaterini Mandilara

Published Jul 24, 2018• 13 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Given a set of quantum gates and a target unitary operation, the most elementary task of quantum compiling is the identification of a sequence of the gates that approximates the target unitary to a determined precision $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$. The Solovay-Kitaev theorem provides an elegant solution which is based on the construction of successively tighter ``nets'' around unity comprised of successively longer sequences of gates. The procedure for the construction of the nets, according to this theorem, requires accessibility to the inverse of the gates as well. In this work, we propose a method for constructing nets around unity without this requirement. The algorithmic procedure is applicable to sets of gates which are diffusive enough, in the sense that sequences of moderate length cover the space of unitary matrices in a uniform way. We prove that the number of gates sufficient for reaching a precision $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ scales as $log{(1/\ensuremath{\varepsilon})}^{log3/log2}$ while the precompilation time is increased as compared to that of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm by the exponential factor $3/2$.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.98.012325

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Quantum computation is of current ubiquitous interest in physics, computer science, and the public interest. In the not-so-distant future, quantum computers will be relatively common pieces of research equipment. Eventually, one can expect an actively quantum computer to be a common feature of life. In this work, I study the approximation efficiency of several common universal quantum gate sets at short sequence lengths using an implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm. I begin by developing from almost nothing the relevant formal mathematics to rigorously describe what one means by the terms universal gate set and covering efficiency. I then describe some interesting results on the asymptotic covering properties of certain classes of universal gate sets and discuss the theorem which the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm is based on. Moving from mathematical introduction to experimental method, I then describe how sets will be compared. I use the commonly studied sets H+T, Pauli+V, V, and Clifford+T to determine which is the most efficient at approximating randomly generated unitaries. By doing so, we get an understanding of how well each set would perform in the context of a general quantum computer processor. This was accomplished by using the same implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm throughout, with roughly equal-sized preprocessed libraries formed from each gate set, over approximations for 10,000 randomly generated unitary matrices at algorithm depth n=5. Ultimately, the Pauli+V and V sets were the most efficient and had similar performance qualities. On average the Pauli+V set produced approximations of length 15,491 and accuracy 0.0002686. The V basis produced approximations of average sequence length 16,403 and accuracy 0.0001465. This performance is about equal given this particular implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm. We conclude that this result is somewhat surprising as the general behavior and efficiency of these particular choices of gate set are expected to be similar. It is possible though that the asymptotic efficiencies of these gate sets vary by a relatively wide margin and this has effected the experiment. It is also possible that some aspect of a naive implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm resulted in the Hadamard gate based sets performing more poorly than the V basis sets overall. Due to constraints on computational power, this result could also be limited to this particular accuracy regime and could even out as tolerance 𝜀 is taken to be arbitrarily small. Further possibilities of this result as well as further work are then discussed.

•Jan 1, 2018•0 citations
Given a set of quantum gates and a target unitary operation, the most elementary task of quantum compiling is the identification of a sequence of the gates that approximates the target unitary to a determined precision \ensuremathε\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremathε. The Solovay-Kitaev theorem provides an elegant solution which is based on the construction of successively tighter ``nets'' around unity comprised of successively longer sequences of gates. The procedure for the construction of the nets, according to this theorem, requires accessibility to the inverse of the gates as well. In this work, we propose a method for constructing nets around unity without this requirement. The algorithmic procedure is applicable to sets of gates which are diffusive enough, in the sense that sequences of moderate length cover the space of unitary matrices in a uniform way. We prove that the number of gates sufficient for reaching a precision \ensuremathε\ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremathε scales as log(1/\ensuremathε)log3/log2log{(1/\ensuremath{\varepsilon})}^{log3/log2}log(1/\ensuremathε)log3/log2 while the precompilation time is increased as compared to that of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm by the exponential factor 3/23/23/2.
Given a set of quantum gates and a target unitary operation, the most elementary task of quantum compiling is the identification of a sequence of the gates that approximates the target unitary to a determined precision ε\varepsilonε. Solovay-Kitaev theorem provides an elegant solution which is based on the construction of successively tighter `nets' around the unity comprised by successively longer sequences of gates. The procedure for the construction of the nets, according to this theorem, requires accessibility to the inverse of the gates as well. In this work, we propose a method for constructing nets around unity without this requirement. The algorithmic procedure is applicable to sets of gates which are diffusive enough, in the sense that sequences of moderate length cover the space of unitary matrices in a uniform way. We prove that the number of gates sufficient for reaching a precision ε\varepsilonε scales as $ \log (1/\varepsilon )^{\log 3 / log 2} $ while the pre-compilation time is increased as compared to thatof the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm by the exponential factor 3/2.
The Solovay-Kitaev algorithm is a fundamental result in quantum computation. It gives an algorithm for efficiently compiling arbitrary unitaries using universal gate sets: any unitary can be approximated by short gates sequences, whose length scales merely poly-logarithmically with accuracy. As a consequence, the choice of gate set is typically unimportant in quantum computing. However, the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm requires the gate set to be inverse-closed. It has been a longstanding open question if efficient algorithmic compilation is possible without this condition. In this work, we provide the first inverse-free Solovay-Kitaev algorithm, which makes no assumption on the structure within a gate set beyond universality, answering this problem in the affirmative, and providing an efficient compilation algorithm in the absence of inverses for both SU(d)\text{SU}(d)SU(d) and SL(d,C)\text{SL}(d, \mathbb{C})SL(d,C). The algorithm works by showing that approximate gate implementations of the generalized Pauli group can self-correct their errors.
The general problem of quantum compiling is to approximate any unitary transformation that describes the quantum computation as a sequence of elements selected from a finite base of universal quantum gates.The Solovay-Kitaev theorem guarantees the existence of such an approximating sequence.Though, the solutions to the quantum compiling problem suffer from a tradeoff between the length of the sequences, the precompilation time, and the execution time.Traditional approaches are time-consuming, unsuitable to be employed during computation.Here, we propose a deep reinforcement learning method as an alternative strategy, which requires a single precompilation procedure to learn a general strategy to approximate single-qubit unitaries.We show that this approach reduces the overall execution time, improving the tradeoff between the length of the sequence and execution time, potentially allowing real-time operations.
The efficient compiling of arbitrary single-qubit gates into a sequence of gates from a finite gate set is of fundamental importance in quantum computation. The exact bounds of this compilation are given by the Solovay–Kitaev theorem, which serves as a powerful tool in compiling quantum algorithms that require many qubits. However, the inverse closure condition it imposes on the gate set adds a certain complexity to the experimental compilation, making the process less efficient. This was recently resolved by a version of the Solovay–Kitaev theorem for inverse-free gate sets, yielding a significant gain. Considering the recent progress in the field of three-level quantum systems, in which qubits are replaced by qutrits, it is possible to achieve the quantum speedup guaranteed by the Solovay–Kitaev theorem simply from orthogonal gates. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated previously whether the condition of inverse closure can be relaxed for these qutrit-based orthogonal compilations as well. In this work, we answer this positively, by obtaining improved Solovay–Kitaev approximations to an arbitrary orthogonal qutrit gate, with an accuracy ε from a sequence of O(log8.62(1/ε)) orthogonal gates taken from an inverse-free set.
Abstract The general problem of quantum compiling is to approximate any unitary transformation that describes the quantum computation as a sequence of elements selected from a finite base of universal quantum gates. The Solovay-Kitaev theorem guarantees the existence of such an approximating sequence. Though, the solutions to the quantum compiling problem suffer from a tradeoff between the length of the sequences, the precompilation time, and the execution time. Traditional approaches are time-consuming, unsuitable to be employed during computation. Here, we propose a deep reinforcement learning method as an alternative strategy, which requires a single precompilation procedure to learn a general strategy to approximate single-qubit unitaries. We show that this approach reduces the overall execution time, improving the tradeoff between the length of the sequence and execution time, potentially allowing real-time operations.
Quantum computation is of current ubiquitous interest in physics, computer science, and the public interest. In the not-so-distant future, quantum computers will be relatively common pieces of research equipment. Eventually, one can expect an actively quantum computer to be a common feature of life. In this work, I study the approximation efficiency of several common universal quantum gate sets at short sequence lengths using an implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm. I begin by developing from almost nothing the relevant formal mathematics to rigorously describe what one means by the terms universal gate set and covering efficiency. I then describe some interesting results on the asymptotic covering properties of certain classes of universal gate sets and discuss the theorem which the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm is based on. Moving from mathematical introduction to experimental method, I then describe how sets will be compared. I use the commonly studied sets H+T, Pauli+V, V, and Clifford+T to determine which is the most efficient at approximating randomly generated unitaries. By doing so, we get an understanding of how well each set would perform in the context of a general quantum computer processor. This was accomplished by using the same implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm throughout, with roughly equal-sized preprocessed libraries formed from each gate set, over approximations for 10,000 randomly generated unitary matrices at algorithm depth n=5. Ultimately, the Pauli+V and V sets were the most efficient and had similar performance qualities. On average the Pauli+V set produced approximations of length 15,491 and accuracy 0.0002686. The V basis produced approximations of average sequence length 16,403 and accuracy 0.0001465. This performance is about equal given this particular implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm. We conclude that this result is somewhat surprising as the general behavior and efficiency of these particular choices of gate set are expected to be similar. It is possible though that the asymptotic efficiencies of these gate sets vary by a relatively wide margin and this has effected the experiment. It is also possible that some aspect of a naive implementation of the Solovay-Kitaev algorithm resulted in the Hadamard gate based sets performing more poorly than the V basis sets overall. Due to constraints on computational power, this result could also be limited to this particular accuracy regime and could even out as tolerance 𝜀 is taken to be arbitrarily small. Further possibilities of this result as well as further work are then discussed.