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arXiv:1707.04307 · New Journal of Physics

Clock spectroscopy of interacting bosons in deep optical lattices

Raphaël Bouganne, Manel Bosch Aguilera, Alexandre Dareau, Elisa Soave, J. Beugnon, Fabrice Gerbier

Published Sep 13, 2017• 42 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on high-resolution optical spectroscopy of interacting bosonic 174 Yb atoms in deep optical lattices with negligible tunneling. We prepare Mott insulator phases with singly- and doubly-occupied isolated sites and probe the atoms using an ultra-narrow 'clock' transition. Atoms in singly-occupied sites undergo long-lived Rabi oscillations. Atoms in doubly-occupied sites are strongly affected by interatomic interactions, and we measure their inelastic decay rates and energy shifts. We deduce from these measurements all relevant collisional parameters involving both clock states, in particular the intra- and inter-state scattering lengths.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/aa8c45

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We report on high-resolution optical spectroscopy of interacting bosonic 174 Yb atoms in deep optical lattices with negligible tunneling. We prepare Mott insulator phases with singly- and doubly-occupied isolated sites and probe the atoms using an ultra-narrow 'clock' transition. Atoms in singly-occupied sites undergo long-lived Rabi oscillations. Atoms in doubly-occupied sites are strongly affected by interatomic interactions, and we measure their inelastic decay rates and energy shifts. We deduce from these measurements all relevant collisional parameters involving both clock states, in particular the intra- and inter-state scattering lengths.
We report on the measurement of the scattering properties of ultracold 174 Yb bosons in a three-dimensional optical lattice. Site occupancy in an atomic Mott insulator is resolved with high-precision spectroscopy on an ultranarrow, metrological optical clock transition. Scattering lengths and loss rate coefficients for 174 Yb atoms in different collisional channels involving the ground state 1 S 0 and the metastable 3 P 0 states are derived. These studies set important constraints for future experimental studies of two-electron atoms for quantum-technological applications.
A recent realization of three-dimensional optical lattice clocks circumvents short-range collisional clock shifts which have been the bottle neck towards higher precision; the long-range electronic dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms becomes the primary source of clock shift due to interatomic interactions. We study the Rabi spectroscopy of three-dimensional optical lattice clocks with unity filling. From the Lindblad equation governing the time evolution of the density matrix of the atoms, we derive the Bloch equations in the presence of the external Rabi driving laser field, and solve the equations approximately to the first order of the coupling strength of the dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms. We find that the clock shift equals the product of the coupling strength, a factor determined by the parameters of the Rabi pulse, and another factor depending on the configuration of the three-dimensional optical lattice. Our result on the clock shift within the Rabi spectroscopy can be checked by measurements in a future experiment.
Quantum phases and phase transitions of weakly to strongly interacting bosonic atoms in deep to shallow optical lattices are described by a single multiorbital mean-field approach in real space. For weakly interacting bosons in one dimension, the critical value of the superfluid to Mott insulator (MI) transition found is in excellent agreement with many-body treatments of the Bose-Hubbard model. For strongly interacting bosons, (i) additional MI phases appear, for which two (or more) atoms residing in each site undergo a Tonks-Girardeau-like transition and localize, and (ii) on-site excitation becomes the excitation lowest in energy. Experimental implications are discussed.
An ultra-narrow spectroscopy of clock transition with high signal-to-noise ratio is crucial for a high-performance atomic optical clock. We present a detailed study about how to obtain a Hertz-level clock transition spectrum of 171 Yb atoms. About 4 × 10 4 atoms are loaded into a one-dimensional optical lattice with a magic wavelength of 759 nm, and a long lifetime of 3 s is realized with the lattice power of 1 W. Through normalized shelving detection and spin polarization, 171 Yb clock spectroscopy with a Fourier-limited linewidth of 5.9 Hz is obtained. Our work represents a key step toward an ytterbium optical clock with high frequency stability.
Advances in ultra-stable lasers now permit sub-Hz resolution of optical atomic transitions. At this level, weak interactions by any ordinary scale can in fact dominate the dynamics of the interrogated atoms, even for spin polarized fermions at ultralow temperatures. Contrary to results obtained in radio frequency spectroscopy of alkali fermionic atoms, optical spectroscopy of 87 Sr and 171 Yb has revealed density dependent frequency shifts of the 1 S0 - 3 P 0 “clock” transition. Understanding interactions in these systems is necessary to improve their accuracy and stability. Moreover, such an understanding will enable optical lattice clock systems to serve as quantum simulators for open, driven, strongly-interacting quantum systems at the mesoscopic scale. In this talk we presented our progress towards a comprehensive evaluation and understanding of the interactions present during spectroscopy of the 87 Sr clock transition under various operating conditions. Our studies indicate that a mean-field solution of a master equation is sufficient to capture the many-body dynamics of alkaline earth atom clocks. Entering the regime in which a treatment beyond mean-field is required for a proper description of the clock dynamics is under immediate experimental reach.
We prepare and study a metastable attractive Mott-insulator state formed with bosonic atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice. Starting from a Mott insulator with Cs atoms at weak repulsive interactions, we use a magnetic Feshbach resonance to tune the interactions to large attractive values and produce a metastable state pinned by attractive interactions with a lifetime on the order of 10 s. We probe the (de)excitation spectrum via lattice modulation spectroscopy, measuring the interaction dependence of two- and three-body bound-state energies. As a result of increased on-site three-body loss we observe resonance broadening and suppression of tunneling processes that produce three-body occupation.