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arXiv:1706.04088 · Physical Review Letters

Duality in Power-Law Localization in Disordered One-Dimensional Systems

Xiaolong Deng, V. E. Kravtsov, Georgy V. Shlyapnikov, Luis Santos

Published Mar 16, 2018• 83 citations
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Abstract

The transport of excitations between pinned particles in many physical systems may be mapped to single-particle models with power-law hopping, 1/r^{a}. For randomly spaced particles, these models present an effective peculiar disorder that leads to surprising localization properties. We show that in one-dimensional systems almost all eigenstates (except for a few states close to the ground state) are power-law localized for any value of a>0. Moreover, we show that our model is an example of a new universality class of models with power-law hopping, characterized by a duality between systems with long-range hops (a<1) and short-range hops (a>1), in which the wave function amplitude falls off algebraically with the same power γ from the localization center.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.120.110602

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The transport of excitations between pinned particles in many physical systems may be mapped to single-particle models with power-law hopping, 1/r^{a}. For randomly spaced particles, these models present an effective peculiar disorder that leads to surprising localization properties. We show that in one-dimensional systems almost all eigenstates (except for a few states close to the ground state) are power-law localized for any value of a>0. Moreover, we show that our model is an example of a new universality class of models with power-law hopping, characterized by a duality between systems with long-range hops (a<1) and short-range hops (a>1), in which the wave function amplitude falls off algebraically with the same power γ from the localization center.
The transport of excitations between pinned particles in many physical systems may be mapped to single-particle models with power-law hopping, 1/ra1/r^a1/ra. For randomly spaced particles, these models present an effective peculiar disorder that leads to surprising localization properties. We prove that in one-dimensional systems all eigenstates remain algebraically localized for any value of a>0a>0a>0. Moreover, we show that our model is an example of a new universality class of models with power-law hopping, characterized by a duality between systems with long-range hops (a1a 1a1) that exhibit the same localization properties.
One-dimensional quasiperiodic systems with power-law hopping, 1/r^{a}, differ from both the standard Aubry-André (AA) model and from power-law systems with uncorrelated disorder. Whereas in the AA model all single-particle states undergo a transition from ergodic to localized at a critical quasidisorder strength, short-range power-law hops with a>1 can result in mobility edges. We find that there is no localization for long-range hops with a≤1, in contrast to the case of uncorrelated disorder. Systems with long-range hops rather present ergodic-to-multifractal edges and a phase transition from ergodic to multifractal (extended but nonergodic) states. Both mobility and ergodic-to-multifractal edges may be clearly revealed in experiments on expansion dynamics.
We investigate a one-dimensional tight-binding model in which onsite potentials [Formula: see text] exhibit power-law spatial correlations (with exponent α) and the hopping amplitudes decay as [Formula: see text]. This two-parameter family interpolates continuously between short-range Anderson-like disorder, correlated disorder with conventional hopping, and long-range hopping models with nontrivial delocalization tendencies. Using large-scale exact diagonalization, we construct a comprehensive phase map in the [Formula: see text] plane by combining spectral statistics, density-of-states analysis, and energy-resolved localization indicators such as the participation ratio, single-particle entanglement entropy, level-spacing ratio r, and the ratio of the geometric to arithmetic density of states. From these observables we define phase-indicator functions that compactly quantify localization behavior across the spectrum. Our analysis reveals robust mobility edges and multiple regimes of spectral coexistence between localized, extended, resonant, and critical states. Finite-size scaling, implemented via an explicit smoothness-based cost function, enables extraction of critical exponents and delineation of transition lines across the [Formula: see text] parameter space. To validate and complement these physics-based diagnostics, we employ a supervised autoencoder that learns high-level representations of eigenstate structure directly from raw features and reliably reproduces the phase classification defined by the indicator functions. Together, these approaches provide a coherent and internally consistent picture of the spectral transitions driven by correlated disorder and long-range hopping, establishing a unified framework for characterizing mobility edges in long-range one-dimensional systems.
We analyze the effects of disorder on the correlation functions of one-dimensional quantum models of fermions and spins with long-range interactions that decay with distance $\ensuremath{\ell}$ as a power law $1/{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. Using a combination of analytical and numerical results, we demonstrate that power-law interactions imply a long-distance algebraic decay of correlations within disordered-localized phases, for all exponents $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The exponent of algebraic decay depends only on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and not, e.g., on the strength of disorder. We find a similar algebraic localization for wave functions. These results are in contrast to expectations from short-range models and are of direct relevance for a variety of quantum mechanical systems in atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics.
The one-dimensional (1D) tight-binding model with random nearest-neighbor hopping is known to have a singularity of the density of states and of the localization length at the band center. We study numerically the effects of random long-range (power-law) hopping with an ensemble average magnitude $〈|{t}_{\mathrm{ij}}|〉\ensuremath{\propto}|i\ensuremath{-}j{|}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ in the 1D chain, while maintaining the particle-hole symmetry present in the nearest-neighbor model. We find, in agreement with results of real-space renormalization-group techniques applied to the random XY spin chain with power-law interactions, that there is a change of behavior when the power-law exponent $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ becomes smaller than 2.
We study spectral properties and the dynamics after a quench of one-dimensional spinless fermions with short-range interactions and long-range random hopping. We show that a sufficiently fast decay of the hopping term promotes localization effects at finite temperature, which prevents thermalization even if the classical motion is chaotic. For slower decays, we find that thermalization does occur. However, within this model, the latter regime falls in an unexpected universality class, namely, observables exhibit a power-law (as opposed to an exponential) approach to their thermal expectation values.