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arXiv:1705.09334 · Scientific Reports

Deep Neural Network Probabilistic Decoder for Stabilizer Codes

Stefan Krastanov, Liang Jiang

Published Sep 4, 2017• 111 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Neural networks can efficiently encode the probability distribution of errors in an error correcting code. Moreover, these distributions can be conditioned on the syndromes of the corresponding errors. This paves a path forward for a decoder that employs a neural network to calculate the conditional distribution, then sample from the distribution - the sample will be the predicted error for the given syndrome. We present an implementation of such an algorithm that can be applied to any stabilizer code. Testing it on the toric code, it has higher threshold than a number of known decoders thanks to naturally finding the most probable error and accounting for correlations between errors.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-11266-1

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Neural networks can efficiently encode the probability distribution of errors in an error correcting code. Moreover, these distributions can be conditioned on the syndromes of the corresponding errors. This paves a path forward for a decoder that employs a neural network to calculate the conditional distribution, then sample from the distribution - the sample will be the predicted error for the given syndrome. We present an implementation of such an algorithm that can be applied to any stabilizer code. Testing it on the toric code, it has higher threshold than a number of known decoders thanks to naturally finding the most probable error and accounting for correlations between errors.
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Finding optimal correction of errors in generic stabilizer codes is a computationally hard problem, even for simple noise models. While this task can be simplified for codes with some structure, such as topological stabilizer codes, developing good and efficient decoders still remains a challenge. In our paper, we systematically study a very versatile class of decoders based on feedforward neural networks. To demonstrate adaptability, we apply neural decoders to the triangular color and toric codes under various noise models with realistic features, such as spatially correlated errors. We report that neural decoders provide a significant improvement over leading efficient decoders in terms of the error-correction threshold. In particular, the neural decoder threshold for the two-dimensional color code is very close to the toric code threshold. Using neural networks simplifies the design of decoders and does not require prior knowledge of the underlying noise.
Quantum error correction technology is an important solution to solve the noise interference generated during the operation of quantum computers. In order to find the best syndrome of the stabilizer code in quantum error correction, we need to find a fast and close to the optimal threshold decoder. In this work, we build a convolutional neural network (CNN) decoder to correct errors in the toric code based on the system research of machine learning. We analyze and optimize various conditions that affect CNN, and use the RestNet network architecture to reduce the running time. It is shortened by 30%–40%, and we finally design an optimized algorithm for CNN decoder. In this way, the threshold accuracy of the neural network decoder is made to reach 10.8%, which is closer to the optimal threshold of about 11%.The previous threshold of 8.9%–10.3% has been slightly improved, and there is no need to verify the basic noise.
We present an algorithm for error correction in topological codes that exploits modern machine learning techniques. Our decoder is constructed from a stochastic neural network called a Boltzmann machine, of the type extensively used in deep learning. We provide a general prescription for the training of the network and a decoding strategy that is applicable to a wide variety of stabilizer codes with very little specialization. We demonstrate the neural decoder numerically on the well-known two-dimensional toric code with phase-flip errors.
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Error correction is used to correct any errors that may arise when sending any message, as errors are prone to appear due to noise. For classical codes, there are many decoders used, for example, belief propagation. Unfortunately, these classical decoders are less efficient for quantum codes. A proposed remedy to improve the decoders efficiency is to use a neural network for decoding. In this thesis, we will implement belief propagation on the toric code and check its efficiency. We will see that for few errors, belief propagation works, but it fails for other cases. We also introduce the modifications needed for neural belief propagation, a modification of the original algorithm that integrates a neural network on the algorithm structure.