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arXiv:1705.03032 · New Journal of Physics

Experimental demonstration of a measurement-based realisation of a quantum channel

Will McCutcheon, A McMillan, J G Rarity, M S Tame

Published Nov 17, 2017• 11 citations
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Abstract

We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a method for realising a quantum channel using the measurement-based model. Using a photonic setup and modifying the basis of single-qubit measurements on a four-qubit entangled cluster state, representative channels are realised for the case of a single qubit in the form of amplitude and phase damping channels. The experimental results match the theoretical model well, demonstrating the successful performance of the channels. We also show how other types of quantum channels can be realised using our approach. This work highlights the potential of the measurement-based model for realising quantum channels which may serve as building blocks for simulations of realistic open quantum systems.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/aa9b5c

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We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a method for realising a quantum channel using the measurement-based model. Using a photonic setup and modifying the basis of single-qubit measurements on a four-qubit entangled cluster state, representative channels are realised for the case of a single qubit in the form of amplitude and phase damping channels. The experimental results match the theoretical model well, demonstrating the successful performance of the channels. We also show how other types of quantum channels can be realised using our approach. This work highlights the potential of the measurement-based model for realising quantum channels which may serve as building blocks for simulations of realistic open quantum systems.
We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a method for realising a quantum channel using the measurement-based model. Using a photonic setup and modifying the bases of single-qubit measurements on a four-qubit entangled cluster state, representative channels are realised for the case of a single qubit in the form of amplitude and phase damping channels. The experimental results match the theoretical model well, demonstrating the successful performance of the channels. We also show how other types of quantum channels can be realised using our approach. This work highlights the potential of the measurement-based model for realising quantum channels which may serve as building blocks for simulations of realistic open quantum systems.
In measurement-based quantum computing an algorithm is performed by measurements on highly entangled resource states. To date, several implementations were demonstrated, most of them assuming perfect noise-free environments. Here we consider measurement-based information processing in the presence of noise and demonstrate quantum error detection. We implement the protocol using a four-qubit photonic cluster state where we first encode a general qubit nonlocally such that phase errors can be detected. We then read out the error syndrome and analyze the output states after decoding. Our demonstration shows a building block for measurement-based quantum computing which is crucial for realistic scenarios.
We experimentally demonstrate a single-qubit decohering quantum channel using linear optics. We implement the channel, whose special cases include the familiar amplitude-damping channel and the bit-flip channel, using a single, static optical setup. Following a recent theoretical result (Piani et al 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 032304), we realize the channel in an optimal way, maximizing the probability of success, i.e. the probability for the photonic qubit to remain in its encoding. Using a two-photon entangled resource, we characterize the channel using ancilla-assisted process tomography and find average process fidelities of 0.98 ± 0.01 and 0.976 ± 0.009 for amplitude-damping and the bit-flip case, respectively.
We report experimental implementation of various types of qubit channels using an individual trapped ion. We analyzed experimental data and we performed tomographic reconstruction of quantum channels based on these data. Specifically, we studied phase damping channels, where the damping acts either in the xy-plane of the Bloch sphere or in an arbitrary plane that includes the origin of the Bloch sphere. We also experimentally realized and consequently analyzed quantum channels that in addition to phase damping affect also a polarization rotation. We used three reconstruction schemes for estimation of quantum channels from experimental data: (1) a linear inverse method, (2) a maximum likelihood estimation, and (3) a constrained maximum likelihood estimation. We took into account realistic experimental conditions where imperfect test-state preparations and biased measurements are incorporated into the estimation schemes. As a result we found that imperfections present in the process of preparation of test states and as well as in measurements of the considered ion trap system do not limit the control of the implementation of the desired channel. Even imperfect preparation of test state and subsequent measurements still provide sufficient resources for the complete quantum-channel tomography.
This thesis deals with the implementation of quantum channels using linear optics. We begin with overviews of some important concepts in both quantum information and quantum optics. First, we discuss the quantum bit and describe the evolution of the states via quantum channels. We then discuss both quantum state and process tomography, methods for how to determine which states and operations we are experimentally implementing in the lab. Second, we discuss topics in quantum optics such the generation of single photons, polarization entanglement, and the construction of an entangling gate. \n \nThe first experiment is the implementation of a quantum damping channel, which intentionally can add a specific type and amount of decohering noise to a photonic qubit. Specifically, we realized a class of quantum channels which contains both the amplitude-damping channel and the bit-flip channel, and did so with a single, static, optical setup. Many quantum channels, and some gates, can only be implemented probabilistically when using linear optics and postselection. Our main result is that the optical setup achieves the optimal success probability for each channel. Using a novel ancilla-assisted tomography, we characterize each case of the channel, and find process fideilities of 0.98pm0.010.98 \\pm 0.010.98pm0.01 for the amplitude-damping channel and 0.976pm0.0090.976 \\pm 0.0090.976pm0.009 for the bit-flip. \n \nThe second experiment is an implementation of a protocol for quantum computing on encrypted data. The protocol provides the means for a client with very limited quantum power to use a server's quantum computer while maintaining privacy over the data. We perform a quantum process tomography for each gate in a universal set, showing that only when the proper decryption key is used on the output states, which is hidden from the server, then the action of the quantum gate is recovered. Otherwise, the gate acts as the completely depolarizing channel.