Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1705.01682 · Optics Letters

Quantum random number generator based on twin beams

Qiang Zhang, Xiaowei Deng, Caixing Tian, Xiaolong Su

Published Feb 15, 2017• 18 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We produce two strings of quantum random numbers simultaneously from the intensity fluctuations of the twin beams generated by a nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator. Two strings of quantum random numbers with bit rates up to 60 Mb/s are extracted simultaneously with a suitable post-processing algorithm. By post-selecting the identical data from two raw sequences and using a suitable hash function, we also extract two strings of identical quantum random numbers. The obtained random numbers pass all NIST randomness tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility of generating quantum random numbers from the intensity of a macroscopic optical field.

DOI
10.1364/ol.42.000895

Related papers

Generation of correlated quantum random number sequences with bright twin beams

Anjanish Shekar, Chirang R. Patel, Jerin A. Thachil +1 more

Quantum random number generators play a vital role in securing communication and encryption. In the present work, we have produced bright twin beams using four-wave mixing in a double-Λ configuration in rubidium-85 vapor and generated two strings of highly correlated random numbers. The randomness originates from the probabilistic nature of the intensity fluctuations of the twin beams and the quantum correlations are certified by measuring the intensity-difference squeezing in the generated twin beams. At an analysis frequency of 2 MHz, we have measured 95% correlation between the random intensity fluctuations of the twin beams. We observe over 5 bits/sample of entropy from the quantum fluctuations of the twin beams. Furthermore, to extract identical strings of random numbers, post-selection of the binned data and hashing algorithms are used, leading to a binary string of random numbers at a rate of 6 Mbps that passes standard statistical tests from NIST and TestU01. Here, the simplicity of generating bright twin beams shows the potential of this method in quantum cryptography and quantum communication.

arXiv:2509.05573•Applied Physics Letters•Sep 8, 2025•3 citations

Dual-entropy-source quantum random number generation based on spontaneous emission

Qiang Zhang, Dehuan Kong, Yebing Wang +2 more

We describe a dual-entropy-source quantum random number generator based on atomic spontaneous emission. Using the intensity fluctuations of a coherent beam to modulate the detuning frequency of the driving field, the atomic ensemble exhibits larger fluctuations of the spontaneous emission noise. The quantum-to-classical-noise ratio of the measured noise is increased to 10.14 dB. After post-processing, a string of random numbers at rates up to 5.12 Mb/s is extracted, which passes all the NIST tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility to combine multiple independent randomness sources to produce secure quantum random bits.

Optics Letters•Dec 5, 2019•4 citations

Quantum random number generator using vacuum fluctuations

B. E. Pervushin, M.A. Fadeev, A.V. Zinovev +4 more

Experimental implementation of a quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuation is presented in this paper.A Y-splitter is used in optical setup of the quantum random number generator.The generation of random numbers in real time with a speed of 300 Mb/s is demonstrated.The conditional minimum entropy is used to estimate the randomness.A cryptographic hashing function is used for post-processing.The resulting sequence has passed DieHard and NIST statistical tests successfully.

Nanosystems Physics Chemistry Mathematics•Apr 29, 2021•1 citation

All-Optical Quantum Random Bit Generation from Intrinsically Binary Phase of Parametric Oscillators

Alireza Marandi, Nick C. Leindecker, Konstantin L. Vodopyanov +1 more

True random number generators (RNGs) are desirable for applications ranging from cryptogra-phy to computer simulations. Quantum phenomena prove to be attractive for physical RNGs due to their fundamental randomness and immunity to attack [1] – [5]. Optical parametric down conver-sion is an essential element in most quantum optical experiments including optical squeezing [9], and generation of entangled photons [10]. In an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), photons generated through spontaneous down conversion of the pump initiate the oscillation in the absence of other in-puts [11, 12]. This quantum process is the dominant effect during the oscillation build-up, leading to selection of one of the two possible phase states above threshold in a degenerate OPO [13]. Building on this, we demonstrate a novel all-optical quantum RNG in which the photodetection is not a part of the random process, and no post processing is required for the generated bit sequence. We implement a synchronously pumped twin degenerate OPO, which comprises two identical independent OPOs in a single cavity, and measure the relative phase states of the OPO outputs above threshold as a bit value. We show that the outcome is statistically random with 99 % confidence. With the use of micro- and nanoscale OPO resonators, this technique offers a promise for simple, robust, and high-speed on-chip all-optical quantum random number generators.

•Jan 1, 2014•55 citations

Parallel quantum random number generation based on spontaneous emission of alkaline earth

Qiang Zhang, Chihua Zhou, Junwei Meng +2 more

We propose a parallel quantum random number generator based on spontaneous emission of strontium atoms. By directly detecting the spontaneously emitted photons in different directions, two strings of true random bits with no apparent correlation at rates up to 5.12 Mb s −1 are simultaneously extracted. Via post-processing, both output sequences pass the NIST tests. Taking advantage of the random directions of the emitted photons, the presented scheme has great scalability to be extended to arbitrary multiple channels without limitations of devices' demultiplexing configurations.

Applied Physics Express•Dec 16, 2019•5 citations

5-bit all free space optical quantum random number generator

Shaojie Li, Jintao Fan, Xiaoxuan Zhu +2 more

Random numbers play an important role in many fields, such as computation, simulation and cryptography. The randomness inherent in quantum mechanics is a perfect source of entropy for a true random number generator. Nevertheless, many QRNG schemes require post-processing work to ensure randomness. On the other hand, the bit number of the QRNG is limited, which hamper its further applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel 5-bit all free space optical quantum random number generator based on a time-division-multiplexed degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO), which does not need a complicated experimental environment and tedious post-processing work. By inserting a multi-pass cell into the optical parametric oscillator, the equivalent cavity length is calculated to be as long as 15 m, which corresponds to fifth of the separation times of pump pulses. As a result, 5 identical DOPO pulses are generated simultaneously. The randomness comes from phase responses of degenerate OPOs. Under threshold, the photons produced by optical parametric down conversion have random initial phase, while above threshold, stable oscillations occurs in one of the two possible phase states. Random number is reliably verified by measuring the relative phase states between DOPO output pulses and the original pump pulse using a fast response photodiode. All spatial structures have the advantages of higher stability and are less sensitive to temperature fluctuation. The bit number can be readily multiplied by increasing the cavity length of DOPO or the repetition rate of the pump laser source.

SPIE Conference on Quantum and Nonlinear Optics•Oct 12, 2023•0 citations
We produce two strings of quantum random numbers simultaneously from the intensity fluctuations of the twin beams generated by a nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator. Two strings of quantum random numbers with bit rates up to 60 Mb/s are extracted simultaneously with a suitable post-processing algorithm. By post-selecting the identical data from two raw sequences and using a suitable hash function, we also extract two strings of identical quantum random numbers. The obtained random numbers pass all NIST randomness tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility of generating quantum random numbers from the intensity of a macroscopic optical field.
Quantum random number generators play a vital role in securing communication and encryption. In the present work, we have produced bright twin beams using four-wave mixing in a double-Λ configuration in rubidium-85 vapor and generated two strings of highly correlated random numbers. The randomness originates from the probabilistic nature of the intensity fluctuations of the twin beams and the quantum correlations are certified by measuring the intensity-difference squeezing in the generated twin beams. At an analysis frequency of 2 MHz, we have measured 95% correlation between the random intensity fluctuations of the twin beams. We observe over 5 bits/sample of entropy from the quantum fluctuations of the twin beams. Furthermore, to extract identical strings of random numbers, post-selection of the binned data and hashing algorithms are used, leading to a binary string of random numbers at a rate of 6 Mbps that passes standard statistical tests from NIST and TestU01. Here, the simplicity of generating bright twin beams shows the potential of this method in quantum cryptography and quantum communication.
We describe a dual-entropy-source quantum random number generator based on atomic spontaneous emission. Using the intensity fluctuations of a coherent beam to modulate the detuning frequency of the driving field, the atomic ensemble exhibits larger fluctuations of the spontaneous emission noise. The quantum-to-classical-noise ratio of the measured noise is increased to 10.14 dB. After post-processing, a string of random numbers at rates up to 5.12 Mb/s is extracted, which passes all the NIST tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility to combine multiple independent randomness sources to produce secure quantum random bits.
True random number generators (RNGs) are desirable for applications ranging from cryptogra-phy to computer simulations. Quantum phenomena prove to be attractive for physical RNGs due to their fundamental randomness and immunity to attack [1] – [5]. Optical parametric down conver-sion is an essential element in most quantum optical experiments including optical squeezing [9], and generation of entangled photons [10]. In an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), photons generated through spontaneous down conversion of the pump initiate the oscillation in the absence of other in-puts [11, 12]. This quantum process is the dominant effect during the oscillation build-up, leading to selection of one of the two possible phase states above threshold in a degenerate OPO [13]. Building on this, we demonstrate a novel all-optical quantum RNG in which the photodetection is not a part of the random process, and no post processing is required for the generated bit sequence. We implement a synchronously pumped twin degenerate OPO, which comprises two identical independent OPOs in a single cavity, and measure the relative phase states of the OPO outputs above threshold as a bit value. We show that the outcome is statistically random with 99 % confidence. With the use of micro- and nanoscale OPO resonators, this technique offers a promise for simple, robust, and high-speed on-chip all-optical quantum random number generators.
We propose a parallel quantum random number generator based on spontaneous emission of strontium atoms. By directly detecting the spontaneously emitted photons in different directions, two strings of true random bits with no apparent correlation at rates up to 5.12 Mb s −1 are simultaneously extracted. Via post-processing, both output sequences pass the NIST tests. Taking advantage of the random directions of the emitted photons, the presented scheme has great scalability to be extended to arbitrary multiple channels without limitations of devices' demultiplexing configurations.
Random numbers play an important role in many fields, such as computation, simulation and cryptography. The randomness inherent in quantum mechanics is a perfect source of entropy for a true random number generator. Nevertheless, many QRNG schemes require post-processing work to ensure randomness. On the other hand, the bit number of the QRNG is limited, which hamper its further applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel 5-bit all free space optical quantum random number generator based on a time-division-multiplexed degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO), which does not need a complicated experimental environment and tedious post-processing work. By inserting a multi-pass cell into the optical parametric oscillator, the equivalent cavity length is calculated to be as long as 15 m, which corresponds to fifth of the separation times of pump pulses. As a result, 5 identical DOPO pulses are generated simultaneously. The randomness comes from phase responses of degenerate OPOs. Under threshold, the photons produced by optical parametric down conversion have random initial phase, while above threshold, stable oscillations occurs in one of the two possible phase states. Random number is reliably verified by measuring the relative phase states between DOPO output pulses and the original pump pulse using a fast response photodiode. All spatial structures have the advantages of higher stability and are less sensitive to temperature fluctuation. The bit number can be readily multiplied by increasing the cavity length of DOPO or the repetition rate of the pump laser source.