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arXiv:1703.07386 · Physical Review Letters

Kolmogorov Turbulence Defeated by Anderson Localization for a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Sinai-Oscillator Trap

Leonardo Ermann, E. Vergini, Dima L. Shepelyansky

Published Aug 2, 2017• 3 citations
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Abstract

We study the dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a Sinai-oscillator trap under a monochromatic driving force. Such a trap is formed by a harmonic potential and a repulsive disk located in the center vicinity corresponding to the first experiments of condensate formation by Ketterle and co-workers in 1995. We allow that the external driving allows us to model the regime of weak wave turbulence with the Kolmogorov energy flow from low to high energies. We show that in a certain regime of weak driving and weak nonlinearity such a turbulent energy flow is defeated by the Anderson localization that leads to localization of energy on low energy modes. This is in a drastic contrast to the random phase approximation leading to energy flow to high modes. A critical threshold is determined above which the turbulent flow to high energies becomes possible. We argue that this phenomenon can be studied with ultracold atoms in magneto-optical traps.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.119.054103

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We study the dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a Sinai-oscillator trap under a monochromatic driving force. Such a trap is formed by a harmonic potential and a repulsive disk located in the center vicinity corresponding to the first experiments of condensate formation by Ketterle and co-workers in 1995. We allow that the external driving allows us to model the regime of weak wave turbulence with the Kolmogorov energy flow from low to high energies. We show that in a certain regime of weak driving and weak nonlinearity such a turbulent energy flow is defeated by the Anderson localization that leads to localization of energy on low energy modes. This is in a drastic contrast to the random phase approximation leading to energy flow to high modes. A critical threshold is determined above which the turbulent flow to high energies becomes possible. We argue that this phenomenon can be studied with ultracold atoms in magneto-optical traps.
We study numerically the evolution of Bose-Einstein condensate in the Sinai-oscillator trap described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in two dimensions. In the absence of interactions, this trap mimics the properties of Sinai billiards where the classical dynamics is chaotic and the quantum evolution is described by generic properties of quantum chaos and random matrix theory. We show that, above a certain border, the nonlinear interactions between atoms lead to the emergence of dynamical thermalization which generates the statistical Bose-Einstein distribution over eigenmodes of the system without interactions. Below the thermalization border, the evolution remains quasi-integrable. Such a Sinai-oscillator trap, formed by the oscillator potential and a repulsive disk located in the vicinity of the center, had been already realized in first experiments with the Bose-Einstein condensate formation by Ketterle group in 1995 and we argue that it can form a convenient test bed for experimental investigations of dynamical of thermalization. Possible links and implications for Kolmogorov turbulence in absence of noise are also discussed.
We investigate two-dimensional turbulence in finite-temperature trapped Bose-Einstein condensates within damped Gross-Pitaevskii theory. Turbulence is produced via circular motion of a Gaussian potential barrier stirring the condensate. We systematically explore a range of stirring parameters and identify three regimes, characterized by the injection of distinct quantum vortex structures into the condensate: (A) periodic vortex dipole injection, (B) irregular injection of a mixture of vortex dipoles and co-rotating vortex clusters, and (C) continuous injection of oblique solitons that decay into vortex dipoles. Spectral analysis of the kinetic energy associated with vortices reveals that regime (B) can intermittently exhibit a Kolmogorov ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}5/3}$ power law over almost a decade of length or wave-number (kkk) scales. The kinetic energy spectrum of regime (C) exhibits a clear ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3/2}$ power law associated with an inertial range for weak-wave turbulence and a ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}7/2}$ power law for high wave numbers. We thus identify distinct regimes of forcing for generating either two-dimensional quantum turbulence or classical weak-wave turbulence that may be realizable experimentally.
We introduce a mechanism to develop a turbulent flow in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate, consisting in the stirring of a single line vortex by means of an external magnetic field. We find that density and velocity fluctuations have white-noise power spectra at large frequencies and that the energy spectrum obeys Kolmogorov 5/3 law in the turbulent region. As the stirring is turned off, the flow decays to an agitated nonequilibrium state that shows an energy bottleneck crossover at small length scales. We demonstrate our findings by numerically solving two-state spinor coupled three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equations. We suggest that this mechanism may be experimentally implemented in spinor ultracold gases confined by optical traps.
We report the experimental observation of the disruption of the superfluid atomic current flowing through an array of weakly linked Bose–Einstein condensates. The condensates are trapped in an optical lattice superimposed on a harmonic magnetic potential. The dynamical response of the system to a change of the magnetic potential minimum along the optical lattice axis goes from a coherent oscillation (superfluid regime) to a localization of the condensates in the harmonic trap ('classical' insulator regime). The localization occurs when the initial displacement is larger than a critical value or, equivalently, when the velocity of the wavepacket's centre of mass is larger than a critical velocity dependent on the rate of tunnelling between adjacent sites.
We present experimental observations and numerical simulations of nonequilibrium spatial structures in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate subject to oscillatory perturbations. In experiment, first, there appear collective excitations, followed by quantum vortices. Increasing the amount of the injected energy leads to the formation of vortex tangles representing quantum turbulence. We study what happens after the regime of quantum turbulence, with increasing further the amount of injected energy. In such a strongly nonequilibrium Bose-condensed system of trapped atoms, vortices become destroyed and there develops a new kind of spatial structure exhibiting essentially heterogeneous spatial density. The structure reminds fog consisting of high-density droplets, or grains, surrounded by the regions of low density. The grains are randomly distributed in space, where they move. They live sufficiently long time to be treated as a type of metastable objects. Such structures have been observed in nonequilibrium trapped Bose gases of 87^{87}87Rb, subject to the action of alternating fields. Here we present experimental results and support them by numerical simulations. The granular, or fog structure is essentially different from the state of wave turbulence that develops after increasing further the amount of injected energy.
We investigate formation of Bose-Einstein condensates under nonequilibrium conditions using numerical simulations of the three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. For this, we set initial random weakly nonlinear excitations and the forcing at high wave numbers and study propagation of the turbulent spectrum toward the low wave numbers. Our primary goal is to compare the results for the evolving spectrum with the previous results obtained for the kinetic equation of weak wave turbulence. We demonstrate existence of a regime for which good agreement with the wave turbulence results is found in terms of the main features of the previously discussed self-similar solution. In particular, we find a reasonable agreement with the low-frequency and the high-frequency power-law asymptotics of the evolving solution, including the anomalous power-law exponent ${x}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}1.24$ for the three-dimensional wave action spectrum. We also study the regimes of very weak turbulence when the evolution is affected by the discreteness of the Fourier space, and the strong turbulence regime when the emerging condensate modifies the wave dynamics and leads to formation of strongly nonlinear filamentary vortices.