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arXiv:1702.04677 · Physical Review Letters

Lower Bounding Diffusion Constant by the Curvature of Drude Weight

Marko Medenjak, Christoph Karrasch, Tomaž Prosen

Published Aug 25, 2017• 69 citations
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Abstract

We establish a general connection between ballistic and diffusive transport in systems where the ballistic contribution in the canonical ensemble vanishes. A lower bound on the Green-Kubo diffusion constant is derived in terms of the curvature of the ideal transport coefficient, the Drude weight, with respect to the filling parameter. As an application, we explicitly determine the lower bound on the high-temperature diffusion constant in the anisotropic spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain for anisotropy parameters Δ≥1, thus, settling the question of whether or not the transport is subdiffusive. Additionally, the lower bound is shown to saturate the diffusion constant for a certain classical integrable model.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.119.080602

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We establish a general connection between ballistic and diffusive transport in systems where the ballistic contribution in the canonical ensemble vanishes. A lower bound on the Green-Kubo diffusion constant is derived in terms of the curvature of the ideal transport coefficient, the Drude weight, with respect to the filling parameter. As an application, we explicitly determine the lower bound on the high-temperature diffusion constant in the anisotropic spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain for anisotropy parameters Δ≥1, thus, settling the question of whether or not the transport is subdiffusive. Additionally, the lower bound is shown to saturate the diffusion constant for a certain classical integrable model.
Nondecaying dc currents in systems showing ballistic transport are characterized by a constant, known as the Drude weight. Here, the authors obtain analytical results for the spin Drude weight in the interacting anisotropic Heisenberg spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ chain at low temperatures. The obtained analytical formula reveals that the Drude weight for any finite temperature exhibits a nowhere-continuous dependence on the spin anisotropy of the model.
We identify a class of one-dimensional spin and fermionic lattice models that display diverging spin and charge diffusion constants, including several paradigmatic models of exactly solvable, strongly correlated many-body dynamics such as the isotropic Heisenberg spin chains, the Fermi-Hubbard model, and the t-J model at the integrable point. Using the hydrodynamic transport theory, we derive an analytic lower bound on the spin and charge diffusion constants by calculating the curvature of the corresponding Drude weights at half-filling, and demonstrate that for certain lattice models with isotropic interactions some of the Noether charges exhibit superdiffusive transport at finite temperature and half-filling.
We present a numerical study on the spin and thermal conductivities of the spin-1 Heisenberg chain in the high temperature limit, in particular, the Drude weight contribution and frequency dependence. We use the exact diagonalization and the recently developed microcanonical Lanczos method; it allows us a finite size scaling analysis by the study of significantly larger lattices. This work, pointing to a diffusive rather than ballistic behavior, is discussed with respect to other recent theoretical and experimental studies.
An explicit matrix product ansatz is presented, in the first two orders in the (weak) coupling parameter, for the nonequilibrium steady state of the homogeneous, nearest neighbor Heisenberg XXZ spin 1/2 chain driven by Lindblad operators which act only at the edges of the chain. The first order of the density operator becomes, in the thermodynamic limit, an exact pseudolocal conservation law and yields-via the Mazur inequality-a rigorous lower bound on the high-temperature spin Drude weight. Such a Mazur bound is a nonvanishing fractal function of the anisotropy parameter Δ for |Δ|<1.
This thesis studies transport properties of low-dimensional quantum spin systems with a particular focus on the transport of heat and spin. While the integrable anisotropic spin-1/2 chain exhibits ballistic transport (finite Drude weights), the numerical results of this work show that heat and spin transport of non-integrable models (spin ladder, frustrated and dimerized chain) is not ballistic, characterized by vanishing Drude weights in the thermodynamic limit. The results for the thermal conductivity of spin ladders are compared to experimental data. For the case of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain, this work contains detailed results for the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the Drude weights. Finally, bond-disordered spin systems are considered, namely the spin-1/2 chain and the spin ladder. In the first case, the transport coefficients are computed by means of exact diagonalization and discussed as a function of frequency, temperature, and magnetic field. In the second case, spectral properties of the elementary excitation of disordered spin ladders are analyzed using diagrammatic perturbation theory and numerical techniques.
Integrable models such as the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain, the Lieb-Liniger, or the one-dimensional Hubbard model are known to avoid thermalization, which was also demonstrated in several quantum-quench experiments. Another dramatic consequence of integrability is the zero-frequency anomaly in transport coefficients, which results in ballistic finite-temperature transport, despite the presence of strong interactions. While this aspect of nonergodic dynamics has been known for a long time, there has so far not been any unambiguous experimental realization thereof. We make a concrete proposal for the observation of ballistic transport via local quantum-quench experiments in fermionic quantum-gas microscopes. Such an experiment would also unveil the coexistence of ballistic and diffusive transport channels in one and the same system and provide a means of measuring finite-temperature Drude weights. The connection between local quenches and linear-response functions is established via time-dependent Einstein relations.