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arXiv:1608.08417 · Physical Review A

Hydrodynamic versus collisionless dynamics of a one-dimensional harmonically trapped Bose gas

Giulia De Rosi, S. Stringari

Published Dec 7, 2016• 23 citations
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Abstract

By using a sum-rule approach we investigate the transition between the hydrodynamic and the collisionless regime of the collective modes in a one-dimensional (1D) harmonically trapped Bose gas. Both the weakly interacting gas and the Tonks-Girardeau limits are considered. We predict that the excitation of the dipole compression mode is characterized in the high-temperature collisionless regime by a beating signal of two different frequencies (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}$ and $3{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}$), while in the high-temperature collisional regime, the excitation consists of a single frequency ($\sqrt{7}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}$). This behavior differs from the case of the lowest breathing mode whose excitation consists of a single frequency ($2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}$) in both regimes. Our predictions for the dipole compression mode open promising perspectives for the experimental investigation of collisional effects in 1D configurations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.063605

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By using a sum-rule approach we investigate the transition between the hydrodynamic and the collisionless regime of the collective modes in a one-dimensional (1D) harmonically trapped Bose gas. Both the weakly interacting gas and the Tonks-Girardeau limits are considered. We predict that the excitation of the dipole compression mode is characterized in the high-temperature collisionless regime by a beating signal of two different frequencies (\ensuremathωz{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}\ensuremathωz​ and 3\ensuremathωz3{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}3\ensuremathωz​), while in the high-temperature collisional regime, the excitation consists of a single frequency (7\ensuremathωz\sqrt{7}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}7​\ensuremathωz​). This behavior differs from the case of the lowest breathing mode whose excitation consists of a single frequency (2\ensuremathωz2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{z}2\ensuremathωz​) in both regimes. Our predictions for the dipole compression mode open promising perspectives for the experimental investigation of collisional effects in 1D configurations.
Using generalized hydrodynamics, we study the thermal behavior of dipole-compression collective oscillations in a harmonically trapped one-dimensional (1D) Bose gas across the crossover from weak to strong repulsive contact interactions. A key scale controlling this behavior is the temperature of the hole-induced anomaly, associated with the thermal population of hole excitations. In contrast to classical hydrodynamics, which predicts a single oscillation mode, we find a beating signal composed of two frequencies. As the temperature increases, both frequencies evolve from the low-temperature phononic hydrodynamic regime toward the collisionless limit around the anomaly temperature, without saturating at the values expected in the high-temperature collisional hydrodynamic regime. The lower frequency originates from hole excitations and is associated to low-energy oscillations, while the higher frequency emerges from particle excitations and corresponds to the dipole-compression mode. The thermal evolution of the relative excitation strengths of the two frequencies reflects the changing population imbalance between particle and hole spectral states across the anomaly. Our results reveal direct connections between excitations, thermodynamics, correlations, dynamics, and interparticle collisions, and may prove relevant to other atomic, nuclear, solid-state, electronic, and spin systems exhibiting similar anomalies or thermal second-order phase transitions.
We calculate the excitation modes of a one-dimensional (1D) dipolar quantum gas confined in a harmonic trap with frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ and predict how the frequency of the breathing n=2n=2n=2 mode characterizes the interaction strength evolving from the Tonks-Girardeau value ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}=2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ to the quasi-ordered, superstrongly interacting value ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}=\sqrt{5}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. Our predictions are obtained within a hydrodynamic Luttinger-liquid theory after applying the local density approximation to the equation of state for the homogeneous dipolar gas, which are in turn determined from reptation quantum Monte Carlo simulations. They are shown to be in quite accurate agreement with the results of a sum-rule approach. These effects can be observed in current experiments, revealing the Luttinger-liquid nature of 1D dipolar Bose gases.
Ultracold atoms are exceptional tools to explore the physics of quantum matter. In fact, the high degree of tunability of ultracold Bose and Fermi gases makes them ideal systems for quantum simulation and for investigating macroscopic manifestations of quantum effects, such as superfluidity. In ultracold gas research, a central role is played by collective oscillations. They can be used to study different dynamical regimes, such as superfluid, collisional, or collisionless limits or to test the equation of state of the system. In this thesis, we present a unified description of collective oscillations in low dimensions covering both Bose and Fermi statistics, different trap geometries and zero as well as finite temperature, based on the formalism of hydrodynamics and sum rules. We discuss the different behaviour exhibited by the second excited breathing mode in the collisional regime at low temperature and in the collisionless limit at high temperature in a 1D trapped Bose gas with repulsive contact interaction. We show how this mode exhibits a single-valued excitation spectrum in the collisional regime and two different frequencies in the collisionless limit. Our predictions could be important for future research related to the thermalization and damping phenomena in this low-dimensional system. We show that 1D uniform Bose gases exhibit a non-monotonic temperature dependence of the chemical potential characterized by an increasing-with-temperature behaviour at low temperature. This is due to the thermal excitation of phonons and reveals an interesting analogy with the behaviour of superfluids. Finally, we investigate a gas with a finite number N of atoms in a ring geometry at T = 0. We discuss explicitly the deviations of the thermodynamic behaviour in the ring from the one in the large N limit.
We consider two regimes where a trapped Bose gas behaves as a one-dimensional (1D) system. In the first one the Bose gas is microscopically described by 3D mean-field theory, but the trap is so elongated that it behaves as a 1D gas with respect to low-frequency collective modes. In the second regime we assume that the 1D gas is truly 1D and that it is properly described by the Lieb-Liniger model. In both regimes we find the frequency of the lowest compressional mode by solving the hydrodynamic equations. This is done by making use of a method which allows us to find analytical or quasianalytical solutions of these equations for a large class of models approaching very closely the actual equation of state of the Bose gas. We find an excellent agreement with the recent results of Menotti and Stringari obtained from a sum-rule approach.
We present a comprehensive study of the discretized modes of an atomic gas in different conditions of confinement. Starting from the equations of hydrodynamics we derive a closed equation for the velocity field, depending on the adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities and applicable to different dimensions and quantum statistics. At zero temperature the equation reproduces the irrotational behavior of superfluid hydrodynamics. It is also applicable above the critical temperature in the collisional regime, where the appearance of rotational components in the velocity field is caused by the external potential. In the presence of harmonic trapping, a general class of analytic solutions is obtained for systems exhibiting a polytropic equation of state, characterized by a power law isoentropic dependence of the pressure on the density. Explicit results for the compressional modes are derived for both Bose and Fermi gases in the pancake and cigar as well as in the deep two- and one-dimensional regimes. Our results agree with the analytical predictions available in the literature in some limiting cases. They are particularly relevant in one-dimensional configurations, where the study of the collective frequencies could provide a unique test of the achievement of the collisional regime at finite temperature.
This thesis theoretically deals with collective modes in the normal phase of a Bose-Fermi mixture composed of single-species bosons and single-species fermions.The mixture is experimentally established as an ultracold atomic gas.While the community studies the mixture including a superfluid phase, relevant to Bose-Einstein condensation of bosons and Cooper paring of fermions, dynamical behaviors in the normal phase have been not fully understood so that we are interested in.We consider the mixture in both spatially uniform and harmonically trapped systems with the Boltzmann equation at finite temperatures.We perform the analysis under the assumption that the physical quantities are near to equilibrium.After the linerization, we apply the moment method to the equation, obtaining a closed set of coupled equations to describe sound or oscillation.The collisional property of the system characterizes the collective modes in the sense of the hydrodynamic regime, collisionless regime, and transition between these regimes.In the uniform system, we investigate sound mode and the dynamic density structure factor.With decreasing temperature, we find that the sound velocity deviates from that of the hydrodynamic mode.Even at a temperature much lower than the Fermi temperature, the sound velocity does not reach the collisionless limit analogous to the zero sound in a Fermi system.However, we show the existence of a long-lived sound at a low temperature as distinct from the first and zero sounds.Nature of the long-lived sound seems to be originated by Pauli blocking of fermions; this statistical effect makes the interspecies collision suppress in the Bose-Fermi mixture.In the trapped system, we mainly study dipole oscillation.We consistently define the relaxation time originated by the interspecies scattering.We find that two oscillating modes in the collisionless regime have distinct fates in the hydrodynamic regime; one collisionless mode shows a crossover to a hydrodynamic in-phase mode, and the other collisionless mode shows a transition to two purely-damped modes.We show the time evolution of the three types of hydrodynamic modes with suitable initial conditions.We discuss temperature dependence of the dipole modes.We observe that the relaxation time dominates the dependence compared to the mean-field contribution.We also observe the nonmonotonic behavior of the relaxation time when Pauli blocking of fermions is not negligible.i List of Figures 1.1 Two schematic images of collisions with a period of oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Measurement of the zero sound in pure liquid 3 He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Transition between the first sound and the zero sound in a two-component Fermi gas . . . 3 1.4 Dipole oscillations of the two-component gas of 40 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5 Frequencies of dipole mode in the two-component gas of 40 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.6 Damping times of dipole mode in the two-component gas of 40 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.7 Dipole oscillations of the mixture of 87 Rb and 40 K in the hydrodynamic regime . . . . . . .6 1.8 Dipole oscillations of the mixture of 87 Rb and 40 K in the deeper hydrodynamic regime . . .6 1.9 Dipole oscillations of the mixture of 87 Rb and 40 K in the collisionless regime . . . . . . . .7 2.1 Results obtained by solving the coupled moment equations for sound mode . . . . . . . . .26 3.1 Time evolution of the center-of-mass positions and velocity fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 3.2 Dipole modes as a function of the relaxation time with N B = N F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 3.3 Dipole modes as a function of the relaxation time with N B /N F = 0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 3.4 Ratio of the displacement of the center of mass to the velocity field as a function of the relaxation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .