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arXiv:1608.05097

Secret Sharing With Trusted Third Parties Using Piggy Bank Protocol

Adnan Memon

Published Aug 17, 2016• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This paper presents a new scheme to distribute secret shares using two trusted third parties to increase security and eliminate the dependency on single trusted third party. This protocol for communication between a device and two trusted third parties uses the piggy bank cryptographic paradigm. We also present a protocol to give law enforcing agencies access to sensitive information present on a cell phone or a device using secret sharing scheme. The ideas for classical systems may also be applied to quantum schemes.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1608.05097

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This paper presents a new scheme to distribute secret shares using two trusted third parties to increase security and eliminate the dependency on single trusted third party. This protocol for communication between a device and two trusted third parties uses the piggy bank cryptographic paradigm. We also present a protocol to give law enforcing agencies access to sensitive information present on a cell phone or a device using secret sharing scheme. The ideas for classical systems may also be applied to quantum schemes.
Quantum cryptography is considered a solution for sharing secret information in a secure mode. Establishing a quantum security platform into an exciting system requires a package of stable processes. One of these processes is based on creating a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol or sharing a secret key. This paper presents a QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to prepare a shared secret key. The first communication channel will be initiated by entanglement states, where the entangled photons will be emitted by a trusted third party. The second communication channel utilizes the superposition states that will be initiated by the one of the communicated parties. Moreover, the protocol produces a string of random qubits after verifying the communicated legitimate parties during entangled state channels. The produced string will reflect the shared secret key between the users.
This paper presents applications of the trope of the locked and sealed piggy-bank into which the secret can be easily inserted but from which it cannot be withdrawn without opening the box. We present a basic two-pass cryptographic scheme that can serve as template for a variety of implementations. Together with the sealed piggy-bank is sent a coded letter that lists and certifies the contents of the box. We show how this idea can help increase the security of cryptographic protocols for classical systems as well as those based on "single-state" systems. More specifically, we propose the use of a hashing digest (instead of the coded letter) to detect loss of key bits to the eavesdropper and use in communication systems where error correction is an important issue.
In this paper, a novel three-party quantum authenticated key distribution with a partially trusted third party protocol is proposed. Unlike most classical cryptography, the security of the protocol does not rely on the amount of computations required to find the encryption key, but on physical properties of the transmission medium (i.e., quantum mechanical properties). The session key shared between participants is concealed from the trusted third party while the participants trust the third party regarding the authentication part. Thus, the proposed system will be preferable for network systems in/between institutions, which deal with highly sensitive information (e.g., military bases, research facilities, hospitals).
The security of a secret sharing protocol is compromised if one or more dishonest participants can reconstruct the secret by deviating from the prescribed protocol, particularly when such malicious behavior remains undetected. Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing (SQSS) is a variant of secret sharing in which the participants possess only classical capabilities, such as preparing and measuring qubits in the computational (ZZZ) basis, while a quantum-capable third party assists the dealer in generating and distributing quantum shares of a classical secret. The limited quantum capabilities of the participants in SQSS protocols may introduce vulnerabilities to collusion attacks, enabling an assisting quantum third party, in collaboration with a dishonest classical participant, to jointly recover the secret even without detection. In this work, we propose a novel SQSS protocol that eliminates this vulnerability and achieves information-theoretic security against collusion attacks. We further prove that the proposed protocol is secure against a broad class of external and internal attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis demonstrates that our construction advances existing SQSS protocols by simultaneously optimizing qubit efficiency, involves a classical dealer, and resilience against DCNA attacks using basic Bell states.
Once the shared secret key is established, three parties can use it for secure communication using symmetric-key encryption AES (128, 192, 256) algorithms or other cryptographic primitives. Although there are few third-party post-quantum authentication and key agreement protocols exist, but the recent studies in this article show that they are not anonymous or cannot provide forward secrecy. Most of the existing protocols enable adversaries to trace the source of messages. Many of third-party AKA schemes based on conventional public-key cryptosystems are vulnerable to quantum computers. Therefore, this paper contains a forward secure three-party post-quantum authenticated key establishment protocol for mobile devices. The proposed three-party key exchange protocol establishes an authenticated shared key that can be periodically refreshed to maintain forward secrecy. This protocol enables two parties to establish a shared session key even in the presence of quantum adversaries and enables them to communicate confidentially and securely over insecure networks. The protocol is anonymous as both the parties communicate using masked dynamic identities. A contrast study consisting of performance and security assessment is presented, which illustrates the suggested design is more applicable.
Classical cryptography is based on the computational difficulty to compute the secret key using the current computing systems. Depending only on the difficulty of computational complexity does not provide enough security because finding a fast method to calculate the secret key will compromise the security of the systems. Quantum computing uses the law of physics for communication allowing new concepts to be applied in computing specially in cryptography and key distribution by applying quantum theorems and principles. In this paper, we are introducing a new model for quantum key distribution between three parties or more where there is a trusted center providing the clients the necessary secret information to securely communicate with each other.