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arXiv:1607.00130 · Physical Review Letters

Reduction of Classical Measurement Noise via Quantum-Dense Metrology

Melanie Ast, S. Steinlechner, Roman Schnabel

Published Oct 27, 2016• 24 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum-dense metrology constitutes a special case of quantum metrology in which two orthogonal phase space projections of a signal are simultaneously sensed beyond the shot-noise limit. Previously, it was shown that the additional sensing channel that is provided by quantum-dense metrology contains information that can be used to identify and to discard corrupted segments from the measurement data. Here, we propose and demonstrate a new method in which this information is used for improving the sensitivity without discarding any measurement segments. Our measurement reached sub-shot-noise performance, although initially strong classical noise polluted the data. The new method has high potential for improving the noise spectral density of gravitational-wave detectors at signal frequencies of high astrophysical relevance.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.117.180801

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Quantum-dense metrology constitutes a special case of quantum metrology in which two orthogonal phase space projections of a signal are simultaneously sensed beyond the shot-noise limit. Previously, it was shown that the additional sensing channel that is provided by quantum-dense metrology contains information that can be used to identify and to discard corrupted segments from the measurement data. Here, we propose and demonstrate a new method in which this information is used for improving the sensitivity without discarding any measurement segments. Our measurement reached sub-shot-noise performance, although initially strong classical noise polluted the data. The new method has high potential for improving the noise spectral density of gravitational-wave detectors at signal frequencies of high astrophysical relevance.
Quantum metrology utilizes entanglement for improving the sensitivity of measurements. Up to now the focus has been on the measurement of just one out of two non-commuting observables. Here we demonstrate a laser interferometer that provides information about two non-commuting observables, with uncertainties below that of the meter's quantum ground state. Our experiment is a proof-of-principle of quantum dense metrology, and uses the additional information to distinguish between the actual phase signal and a parasitic signal due to scattered and frequency shifted photons. Our approach can be readily applied to improve squeezed-light enhanced gravitational-wave detectors at non-quantum noise limited detection frequencies in terms of a sub shot-noise veto-channel.
Quantum noise limited interferometry for subhertz phase measurement is of essence in precision metrology applications, such as gravitational wave detection. However, suppression of subhertz classical noises below the shot-noise level is very challenging in practice. Two-frequency interferometry has been previously proposed to avoid low-frequency noises and may be useful for squeezing-enhanced high-precision phase measurement. Here we experimentally demonstrate a subhertz interferometer at the standard quantum noise (shot-noise) limit, by use of dual-frequency coherent probe light at the input and phase-sensitive heterodyne detection to measure the output interfered light. When the interferometer is locked at a dark fringe, the noise floor of the phase variance in the interferometer reaches the shot-noise level down to Fourier frequencies below 1 Hz. This work should pave a way for a realization of subhertz interferometry beyond the shot-noise limit.
The first detections of gravitational waves have opened an exciting new field of astronomy. One of the most fundamental limitations for the sensitivity of current and future interferometric gravitational-wave detectors is imposed by the quantum nature of light: Quantum vacuum fluctuations entering the interferometer through the readout port will contribute to the detection noise, at high frequencies in the form of shot noise and at low frequencies by radiation pressure noise. A promising way to reduce this quantum noise is the injection of squeezed states of light that have a lower uncertainty in one quadrature than the vacuum state. The GEO 600 gravitational-wave detector demonstrated the use of squeezed light in 2010 and it is now the first detector to routinely apply squeezing to improve its sensitivity beyond the limits set by classical quantum shot noise. This thesis details the practical aspects of long-term stable and efficient squeezed-light integration in a large-scale gravitational-wave detector. Imperfections that can limit the amount of observable non-classical noise improvement, such as optical losses and phase fluctuations, were studied in detail and methods for their mitigation were developed. Novel control schemes for the active stabilisation of the squeezed light field's phase and alignment were one main focus of the investigations. At the same time, important experience was gathered in the operation of the squeezed light source over long timescales. Over the course of the thesis work, improvements were implemented that significantly increased the performance of the squeezed-light application. Squeezing was injected with an overall duty cycle of 88%, reaching a noise reduction of up to 4.4 dB, corresponding to a 40% lowered shot-noise level. This work has firmly established the practical application of squeezing as a mature technology. The gained knowledge will directly inform the implementation of squeezed light for all future gravitational-wave detectors.
Abstract Among the known resources of quantum metrology, one of the most practical and efficient is squeezing. Squeezed states of atoms and light improve the sensing of the phase, magnetic field, polarization, mechanical displacement. They promise to considerably increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging and spectroscopy, and are already used in real-life gravitational-wave detectors. But despite being more robust than other states, they are still very fragile, which narrows the scope of their application. In particular, squeezed states are useless in measurements where the detection is inefficient or the noise is high. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a remedy against loss and noise: strong noiseless amplification before detection. This way, we achieve loss-tolerant operation of an interferometer fed with squeezed and coherent light. With only 50% detection efficiency and with noise exceeding the level of squeezed light more than 50 times, we overcome the shot-noise limit by 6 dB. Sub-shot-noise phase sensitivity survives up to 87% loss. Application of this technique to other types of optical sensing and imaging promises a full use of quantum resources in these fields.
Searches for fundamental physics such as gravitational waves, dark matter, and quantum gravity are now reaching the quantum limit around a century since the invention of quantum mechanics. To push past the fundamental quantum noise and accelerate the discovery of new physics, we need to understand and exploit the interplay of quantum information and quantum metrology. In this thesis, we advocate for a new perspective on the design of gravitational-wave interferometers and other precision waveform sensors, one centred on optimising the sensitivity through studying and manipulating the relevant quantum information-theoretic quantities with practical considerations for loss and classical noise. We demonstrate this approach with a series of papers proposing various measurement schemes, initial quantum states, and quantum control sequences to achieve the fundamental quantum limits of different waveform estimation problems. We suggest that the ultimate potential sensitivity of present experimental designs remains untapped: present in the capability of the device but not yet accessed. In particular, we show that a quantum advantage exists in sensing non-stationary or stochastic waveform signals or those with a wide range of possible frequencies. We discuss the implications of these results and how to realise them for future searches for fundamental physics.
Quantum metrology enables us to estimate optical phase shifts beyond the shot noise limit. Applications include quantum-enhanced biological measurement [1], microscopy [2] and gravitational wave detection[3]. For two-mode N-photon system, the NOON state can achieve the highest possible phase sensitivity where multi-photon coherence between two states significantly contributes to improving the phase sensitivity. Another alternative approach to improve the phase sensitivity by use of squeezed states. Squeezing is usually characterized by reducing the quantum noise of desired observable at the expense of increasing the quantum noise for its non-commute partner. Because shot-noise limits the phase sensitivity of any classical states, the reduced quantum noise can be used for improving the phase sensitivity. Here we experimentally study the phase sensitivity of an optical spin-squeezed state by using linear optics. We generated the optical spin-squeezed state using one photon subtraction from a down converted photon source. To implement the sub-shot noise measurement, we used multiplexed photon number resolving detectors so that we can reconstruct the photon number statistics of the state. In the talk, we will analyse the generated state in terms of both squeezing and phase sensitivity by using Fisher information.